-
emotion
a positive or negative experience that is associated with a particular pattern of physiological activity
-
James-Lange Theory
the theory that a physiological stimulus produces an emotional experience in the brain
-
Cannon-Bard-Theory
a stimulus simultaneously triggers activity in the body and emotional experience in the brain
-
two-factor theory
emotional stimuli elicit arousal and then interpret the causes of arousal to determine emotion
-
appraisal
an evaluation of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus
-
emotion regulation
the strategies people use to influence their own emotional experience
-
reappraisal
changing one's emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion-eliciting stimulus
-
emotional expression
an observable sign of an emotional state
-
universal hypothesis
emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone
-
facial feedback hypothesis
emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they signify
-
display rule
a norm for the appropriate expression of emotion
-
motivation
the purpose for or psychological cause of an action
-
drive
an internal state that signals physiological need
-
bulima nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging
-
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of being fat and severe of food intake
-
intrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding
-
extrinsic motivation
a motivation to take actions that lead to reward
-
conscious motivation
motivations of which people are aware
-
unconscious motivation
motivations of which people are unaware
-
need for achievement
the motivation to solve worthwhile problems
-
approach motivations
a motivation to experience a positive outcome
-
avoidance motivation
a motivation not to experience a negative outcome
-
terror management theory
a theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality
-
instinct theory of motivation
our behavior is hard wired
-
drive-reduction theory of motivation
Clark hall-all living organism have biological needs
-
what is drive derived from
homeostasis
-
arousal theory of motivation
we are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal
-
Expectancy theory of motivation
our behavior is motivated by expected outcomes
-
what did Abraham Maslow propose
hierarchy of needs
-
Hierarchy of Needs
Different needs that individuals have, some needs take precedent
-
hierarchy of needs list
top to bottom: self-actualization needs, aesthetic, cognitive needs, esteem, belongingness, safety needs, physiological needs
-
Primary Drives-peripheral factors
- Cannon and Washburn- the role of the stomachÂ
- other signals(Templten and Quicken)-glucose, ghrelin, leptin-secreted by fat cells.
-
Brain processes involved in hunger primary drive
- lateral hypothalamus-feeding center; signal to start eating naturally
- Ventromedial hypothalamus-satiety center, stop eating
-
External and Cognitive Factors involved in hunger
- Externality Hypothesis-overweight people are motivated by external rather than internal factors
- Ex:popcorn(Wansink), effects of taste
- Presence of others-eat more in social situations
- Variety of choice
- Disinhibition in restrained vs unrestrained eaters
-
Sexual cycle
Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution
-
brain factors in homosexuality
hypothalamus and anterior, commisure
-
prenatal/ factors in homosexuality
stress, and uterus, and genetics
-
What doesn't cause homosexuality
- being raised by gay or lesbian parents
- domineering mother and weak father
-
achievement motivation
the desire to accomplish something
-
intrinsic motivation
comes from within oneself
-
extrinsic motivation
outside factors
-
who thought of two-factor theory
- Schachter and Singer
- Epinephrine informed and uninformed groups exposed to happy and anger conditions
- Informed have no change in emotional state
- Uninformed angry when spending time with angry people; happy when spending time with happy people
-
Facial Feedback Theory
Signals from the face provide cues to emotional experience
-
what did Strack study?
Facial Feedback Theory- comics rated as funnier when pencil held between teeth
-
what did Laird study?
Laird- facial feedback theory, posed expressions associated with changes in emotion
-
what did Ekman and Davidson study?
facial feedback theory-posed expressions associated with changes in cerebral activation
-
Study about Botox injection
lead to reductions in depression
-
Basic emotions?
- emerge early
- nearly universal
- Ex: happiness, anger, sadness, surprise, disgust, fear
-
Cultural differences in display rules
- japanese and american college students shown disgusting films
- Native japanese show no emotion when watching films with authority figures present
-
Emergence of emotion in infants
- present at birth: disgust, distress, interest
- 2-4 months: happiness, surprise
- 7-9 months: fear, sadness, anger
-
Biological bases for emotion
- sodium amytal studies on brain hemispheres
- Left inactivation-catastrophic reaction
- Right inactivation- euphoria or indifference
-
What did Richard J Davidson study
- asymmetry in response to emotional activation
- -Fear and disgust produce right frontal activation
- -Happiness produces left frontal activation
-
Left anterior of emotion
approach related emotions-interest, happiness, anger
-
right anterior with emotion
withdrawal related emotions-fear, disgust
-
What is sadness
not withdrawal but rather lack of approach
-
sodium amytal studies
- left inactivation-catastrophic reaction
- right inactivation- euphoria or indiference
-
what did Dimond and Farrington Study?
restricted visual field
-
what does frontal asymmetry predict
emotional responsiveness
-
benefits of emotional intelligence
- delay of gratification
- more self-reliant
- handle stress and frustration
- better SAT scores
-
issues with over control of emotion
interferes with memory for emotional events
-
Opponent Process theory
emotional stimuli elicit primary and secondary processes
-
what is the secondary process for stimuli and emotion
CNS maintains homeostasis
|
|
