What are some cognitive processes involved in social interactions?
Speech
Recognizing and understanding faces and expressions
Social norms and rules
Social context
Sensory cues
Amygdala and Emotion
Memory
What is the Sally and Anne test?
Theory of Mind
Sally put block in box and left; then Anne put block in basket; Sally came back
Ask babies of different ages whether they think "Sally" knows where the block is
What were the results of the Sally and Anne test?
Younger baby didn't understand that Sally wouldn't know about the change in location
Older baby/child did know
Since the younger baby knew where the block was, she assumed that "Sally" knew too
Different understanding of the world; Your world and knowledge may be separate from someone else's
What makes up the social brain anatomy?
Rostral anterior cingulate cortex
Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
Subgenual anterior cingulate cortex
Thalamus
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Insula
vmPFC
Hypothalamus
What are the 4 classifications of brain areas involved in social processing?
Social Perception
Emotion & Motivation
Behavioral Adaptations
Social Atribution
What are the brain regions involved in social perception?
V5: Perceives biological motions
EBA: (extra-striate body area) Perceives part of the body
FFA: (fusiform face area) Perceives faces
What are the brain regions involved in emotion and motivation?
Amygdala (AMY)
Anterior insula (AI)
Subgenual and perigenual anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
What subcortical structures do the brain regions involved in emotion and motivation interact with?
Ventral striatum (VS)
Hypothalamus (HTH)
What are the brain regions involved in behavioral adaptation?
Dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC)
Medial PFC (mPFC)
Anterior cingulate cortex
What are the brain regions involved in the more automatic, bottom-up interferences of social attribution?
Ventral premotor cortex (vPMC)
Superior temporal sulcus (STS)
Anterior insula (AI)
Posterior cingulate cortex (PCC)
Preceneus (PC)
What are the brain regions involved in the more cognitive theory of mind skills of social attribution?
mPFC
Temporo-parietal junction (TPJ)
The regulation of social attachment and promotion of positive social interactions depend on which two neuropeptides?
Oxytocin
Vassopressin
What does oxytocin do?
Critical for learning social cues
Shown to enhance maternal care
Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor expression patterns in which areas of the brain have been shown to influence the type and duration of social attachments formed by voles?
Ventral pallidum
Medial amygdala
What has been shown to influence the type and duration of social attachments formed by voles?
Oxytocin and vasopressin receptor expression patterns
Give an example of vasopressin or oxytocin receptor expression patterns affecting social attachments.
Montane voles vs. prarie voles
Montane voles- avoid social contact unless mating; have lower oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbens
Prarie voles- highly social and monogamous; higher oxytocin receptors
What kind of effects did oxytocin and social support have on subjects in the Trier Social Stress Test?
Reduced anxiety in healthy men
What is social buffering?
A happy stress-free environmet/positive interactions coming after stressful situation could change amt of stress response
What kind of effects does social buffering have on mice that have been subjected to social stressors?
Positive interactions following stressful situation- Mouse develops resilience
Solitary housing following stressful situation- Mouse develops vulnerability
What are some social cues that are stressors?
Isolation
Crowding
Social defeat
Social instability
What is the social defeat model?
Mouse was put in box thing with aggressor for like 10 minutes and then near it for 24 hours
Normally roams around the room
After defeat, it sticks to corners farthest from interaction zone w/ less roaming
Social defeat found an increase in what in the nucleus accumbens?
BDNF- Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
What eventually restored social interaction in the mouse that went through social defeat and withdrawal b/c of an aggressor?
Chronic (but not acute) administration of anti-depressants
Where is the nucleus accumbens located?
Region in the ventral striatum
Which is part of the basal ganglia
What neurotransmitters does the nucleus accumbens produce?
Serotonin
Dopamine
What kind of cognitive processing is the nucleus accumbens involved in?
Aversion
Motivation
Pleasure
Reward
Reinforcement learning
Addiction
In humans, low social support after stress has been associated with what?
Physiological and neuroendocrine indices of heightened stress reactivity
What kind of heightened stress reactivity occurs with low social support in humans?
Elevated hearat rate
Increased blood pressure
Exaggerated cardiovascular and neuroendocrine responses to lab stressors
What are examples of the effects of social support on stress?
In lab studies, mental arithmetic and public speaking tasks cause significantly smaller stress when supported by another subject compared to those who are alone
Women exposed to "threat cues" and told they'd get a small shock after felt less fear and anxiety when holding their husband's or friend's hand
Social buffering cues increases the release of what in the amygdala?
Oxytocin
What kind of effect does amygdaloid oxytocin have on dopamine (DA) transmission in the nucleus accumbens