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- Can try to see if it dissolves in water; ACTH would, corticosterone wouldn't
- Can add cort to it to see if more cort is produced (ACTH) or if nothing happens (cort)
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How does stress affect hippocampal plasticity at CA3?
- Increase GC
- Decrease BDNF
- Leads to atrophy or death
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How do antidepressants affect hippocampal plasticity at CA3?
- Increase NE and 5-HT
- Increase BDNF
- Leads to increased survival and growth
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How does stress affect hippocampal plasticity at the granule cell?
- Increase GC
- Decrease BDNF
- Leads to decreased neurogenesis
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How do antidepressants affect hippocampal plasticity at the granule cell?
- Increase NE and 5-HT
- Increase BDNF
- Leads to increased neurogenesis
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Increased vulnerability resulting from genetic and environmental factors can lead to what?
- Atrophy or death
- Decreased neurogenesis
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What up-regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis?
- Environmental enrichment
- Learning
- Physical exercise
- Anti-depressants
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What down-regulates adult hippocampal neurogenesis?
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What kinds of stresses suppress adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus?
- Predator odor
- Restraint stress
- Electric shock
- Social stress
- Maternal deprivation
- Forced swimming
- Forced exercise
- Sleep deprivation
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How do pharmacological antidepressants affect adult neurogenesis?
- Block GCs-induced decrease in adult neurogenesis
- Block GCs-induced LTP suppression in the hippocampus
- Block GCs-induced dendrite reorganization
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How does physical exercise affect adult neurogenesis?
Block GCs-induced decrease in adult neurogenesis
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What are the 3 stages of stem cell activity?
- Proliferation
- Differentiation
- Survival
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Is all stress the same?
Nah
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What does the graph look like for any kind of performance vs. stress severity and/or duration?
Upside down U
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What kind of stress increases neurogenesis?
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What kind of stress decreases neurogenesis?
Chronic/high stress
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What is the contextual fear extinction paradigm?
- Get a mouse, habituate it to a box
- Shock its foot and train it to fear some kind of association, like a sound
- Then play sound over and over until it realizes that there's no foot shock
- Eventually fear will somewhat go away
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Exposure to what protects against future stressors?
Acute moderate stress
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Severe stress increases what in the rat hippocampus?
Oligodendrocytes
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What part of the brain is responsible for emotional memory?
Amygdala (basolateral)
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What is the direction of GC's influence on memory dependent on?
- Duration
- Dose of GC's
- Brain structure affected
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How does GC improve memory consolidation?
- Infusion into the amygdala (Through NE effect in BLA)
- Administration immediately post-training
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How does GC impair memory?
Administration prior to training
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What does a lesion of the BLA region of the amygdala do?
- Abollish the effect of high circulating levels of cort
- Reduces activation of new neurons
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What affects neurogenesis in the hippocampus and creates the connection between certain memories and emotions?
Fear
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What is the amygdala involved in?
- Emotional processing
- Fear
- Arousal
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Describe the flow of info through the neural circuitry of the amygdala
- Emotional stimulus
- Thalamus
- Sensory cortex
- Association cortex (cingulate gyrus)
- Hippocampus
- Amygdala
- Hypothalamus
- HPA or SNS
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What are the inputs into the amygdala?
- Thalamus
- Anterior cingulate cortex
- Hypothalamus
- Hippocampus
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What are the outputs of the amygdala?
- PFC (regulation)
- Association cortex (cognition)
- Striatum (instinctive actions)
- Dorsal vagus (parasym NS)
- Hypothalamus??? (PVN, activates HPA)
- Modulatory system (NE, ACh, serotonin) (arousal)
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Direct projects from the PFC to the amygdala activate what kind of neurons?
- Inhibitory
- Inhibits fear output of amygdala
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What kind of experiment could you make to study what the amygdala does?
- fMRI to see activity when viewing facial expressions
- Gain of function using optogenetics, electrical stimulation, irritative lesions, etc.
- Loss of function with destructive lesions
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