-
What are the goals of sedation? (6)
- decrease stress
- chemical restraint (esp in aggressive and fractitous animals- safety)
- analgesia
- muscle relaxation
- less induction and maintenance drugs
- smoother recovery from general anesthesia
-
________ is usually not a necessary part of the anesthetic plans in ruminants.
Premedication
-
Describe how neuroleptanalgesia is used in ruminants.
- [combine opioids and sedatives to enhance effects and prolong the duration of sedation]
- butorphanol or morphine
-
What are the cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of alpha-2 agonists? (5)
- bradycardia and decreased CO
- decreased inotropy
- hypertension (very transient with xylazine, longer with dexmedetomidine)
- respiratory depression
- SHEEP: macrophage activation and pulmonary edema (don't use in sheep or goats)
-
What are side effects of alpha-2's (other than CVS/ pulmonary)? (4)
- analgesia
- decreased insulin production/ increased plasma glucose
- increased urine production
- GI stasis
-
What is important to remember about using alpha-2 agonists?
analgesia does not persist when sedation is gone--> must use opioids or another analgesic as additive
-
Describe the effects of acepromazine and why they occur. (2)
- sedation due to dopamine blockade
- vasodilation due to alpha blockade
-
What are the CVS and pulmonary effects of acepromazine?
- decreased BP d/t vasodilation
- +/- HR increased
- no respiratory changes
-
Describe the use of midalzolam and the pros of using this drug over other benzos.
- sedation
- muscle relaxation
- less CVS and respiratory depression than diazepam
-
Midazolam should not be used in __________.
adult cattle
-
What are the effects of butorphanol when used alone?
mild sedation
-
Short-term anesthesia can be accomplished by administration of what drug combinations? (5)
- guaifenesin-ketamine
- ketamine- midazolam
- propofol
- telazol-ace-butorphanol
- medetomidine-ketamine-butorphanol
-
Describe the use of guaifenesin-ketamine mixtures in ruminants.
- "double drip method" (titration)
- titration of this combination provides reliable sedation and recumbancy
- minimal CVS and pulmonary side effects
-
Describe the use of ketamine-midazolam in ruminants.
- patient will be recumbent
- 15-20 minutes of general anesthesia
-
Describe the use of propofol in ruminants.
- rapid- acting and ultra-short duration (immediate unconsciousness and recumbency)
- use with caution- apnea and hypotension
-
Describe the use of xylazine- ketamine mixture in ruminants.
- delivered IM
- short-term anesthesia
- use low doses (high doses associated with profound respiratory depression)
-
_________ has been associated with telazol administration.
Severe hypoxemia
-
Describe intubation of ruminants.
adult cattle and camels- place arm in mouth, digitally palpated cartilages of the pharynx, slide tube under your arm and place it in the larynx
-
What are important factors of managing general anesthesia in ruminants. (2)
- head positioning- hang head so saliva/ etc flows out of mouth
- padding
-
Describe monitoring during anesthesia in ruminants.
- pulse palpation (auricular artery)
- ECG
- invasive arterial BP
- pulse ox
- capnometry
- arterial blood gases
-
Describe recovery of camelids from general anesthesia.
- once a camelid is extubated, place them sternally with head elevated and place a nasopharyngeal tube so they can breath (obligate nasal breathers)
- [all ruminants- poll of the head at the highest point]
-
What are behavioral cues of pain in ruminants?
- inappetence
- weight loss
- decreased milk yield
- grunting
- bruxism
- colic
- tachycardia/ tacyhpnea
- plasma cortisol
- turing toward site of stimulus
- restlessness/ pacing
- reluctance to move
- rolling
- vocalization
- limping
- dull and decrease appearance
- licked more by other cows
-
How did meloxicam administration before castration affect post-weaning calves?
reduced incidence of respiratory disease at the feedlot
-
Describe the pain scoring system for ruminants.
- lying down quietly, looking depressed and sedated= 1
- restless with intermittent vocalization or bruxism= 2
- continuous vocalization and violent muscular activity= 3
-
What are the 5 basic mechanisms of abdominal pain?
- distention of a hollow viscous
- traction or inflammation of the peritoneum or mesentery
- ischemia
- inflammation
- smooth muscle spasm
-
Describe abdominal pain perception.
- abdominal viscera are sparsely innervated and lack specific pain receptors
- difficult to localize visceral pain
- localized visceral lesions rarely cause pain, so in general visceral pain indicates diffuse disease
-
What are the pros of using NSAIDs for analgesia?
- not as potent as opioids, but longer-lasting
- provide peripheral and centrally-mediated analgesic effects
-
Where do you block for dehorning in goats?
cornual branch of the zygomaticotemporal and cornual branch of the infratrochlear nerves
-
Where do you block for dehorning in cattle?
cornual branch of the zygomaticotemporal nerve [blocks the horn base and the horn]
-
Where do you perform a caudal epidural?
- space b/w S5 and Caudal 1
- or between caudal 1 and 2
-
Where can the lumbosacral space palpated in young cattle and small ruminants?
craniodorsal iliac crests, spinal process of last lumbar veretebra, medial sacral crest
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