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Some animals like ______-_____ organisms don't need circulatory system state and exchange ______ with the environment. Structures and body shapes allow exchange between _____ and the _______. ________ systems bring the external environment inside the animal for example _______.
- single celled organisms
- directly
- cells and the envrionment
- Gastrovascular systems
- sponges
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Larger animals must use _______ systems to deliver ________ and remove _______. Cells are supported by _________ fluid for ______ delivery and ______ removal.
- circulatory
- nutrients
- waste
- extracellular fluid
- nutrient
- waste
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Two types of circulatory systems
open and closed circulatory systems
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A circulatory system consists of (3)?
Together those parts are more familiarly called the ________ _______
- muscular pump (heart)
- fluid (blood)
- series of conduits (blood vessels)
cardiovascular system
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What type of circulatory systems are found in arthopods and mollusks
Open circulatory system
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Open circulatory system for arthopods and mollusks (mini-story) (3)
- A pump (heart) moves hemolymph through vessels.
- Fluid leaves vessels and passes by cells.
- Fluid returns to the heart through openings with valves—ostia.
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Function of extracellular fluid in an open circulatory system (mini-story) (2)
- Combines with the fluid of the circulatory system— hemolymph
- Fluid leaves circulatory system and moves between cells then returns to be pumped again
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Extracellular fluid in a closed circulatory system refers to fluid _____ the circulatory system and _____ it. Fluid in the circulatory system is called ______ ______. Fluid around cells is _______ fluid
- inside
- outside
- blood plasma
- insterstitial fluid
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In a closed circulatory system, _____ is kept separate from the _______ ____. ______ is pumped through the ________ system by one or more ______.
- blood
- insterstitial fluid
- Blood
- vascular system
- hearts
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What two circulatory circuits have evolved:
- Pulmonary circuit
- System circuit
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pulmonary circuit
blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs and back again
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systemic circuit
blood travels from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart
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Closed vascular system is made up of: (3)
- Arteries
- Capillaries
- Venules
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In closed vascular systems, arteries carry blood ____ ____ the heart and branch into ______ that feed the _______ ____. Capillaries are the site of exchange between _____ and _____ _____. Venules drain the _______ _____ and form _____ that carry blood _____ ____ heart. (some of these are cheap)
- away from
- arterioles
- capillary beds
- blood & tissue fluid
- capillary beds
- veins
- toward the
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Birds and mammals have ______-_______ hearts and separate ______ & ______ circuits. Name 3 advantages this comes with.
- four-chambered hearts
- pulmonary & systemic circuits
- Systemic circuit always receives blood with higher O2 content
- Gas exchange is maximized
- Circuits can operate at different pressures
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The human heart has _____ chambers, two ____ and two _______. The _____ ______ pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit, while the _____ _____ pumps blood through the ______ circuit.
- four
- atria
- ventricles
- right ventricles
- left ventricles
- systemic circuit
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The three valves of the human heart are the:
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves
- Pulmonary valve
- Aortic valve
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The AV valves lies between the _____ and _______ and prevents _____ when the _____ contract.
- atria & ventricles
- backflow
- ventricles
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The pulmonary valve and aortic valve lie between the _______ and _____ ______ and prevent ______ when the ______ relax
- ventricles & major arteries
- backflow
- ventricles
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The right atrium receives ________ blood from the body through large ______ called the ______ ____ _____ and _____ ____ ____
- deoxygenated blood
- veins
- superior vena cava
- inferior vena cava
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Superior vena cava supplies blood from the _____ body while the inferior vena cava supplies blood from the _____ body
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Heart Flow Pt 1:
Blood passes from the right atrium through an _____ valve into the ____ _____ (mostly through passive flow). The ______ contracts (adding a little more blood to the _____), then the ______ contracts. The ____ ____ closes and blood is pumped through the ______ ______ to the _____.
- AV valve
- right ventricle
- atrium
- ventricle
- ventricles
- AV Valve
- pulmonary artery
- lungs
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Heart flow pt 2:
______ blood returns to the ____ _____ of the heart through the _______ _____. The ______ fills as blood enters through an ____ _____ (mostly passive flow). The _____ _____ contracts (further filling the _____), then the _____ ______ opens and blood circulates through the ____.
- Oxygenated
- left atrium
- pulmonary veins
- ventricle
- AV valve
- left atrium
- ventricle
- Aortic valve
- aorta
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In the ______ _____ both sides of the heart contract _______. First the two ______ contract then the two ______ contract.
- cardiac cycle
- simultaneously
- atria
- ventricles
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Systole
Diastole
- Sytole: When the ventricles contract simultaneously
- Diastole: When the ventricles relax simultaneously
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Cardiac muscles functions as a _____.
pump
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Cardiac muscle cells are in ______ contact with each other through ____ _____ which leads to the spread of _____ _____that stimulate _____ _____
- electrical contact
- gap junctions
- action potentials
- simultaneous contraction
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Some cells are pacemaker cells and can initiate _______ ______ without input from the _____ ____
- action potentials
- nervous system
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The primary pacemaker cells are the _______ _____. The ______ _____ ______ of these cells is less negative and not ______ so that cells ______ reach threshold. Action potentials are ______ and ______ to return to ______ ______.
- Sinoatrial node (SA node)
- resting membrane potential
- stable
- gradually
- broader & slower
- resting potential
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The nervous system controls heart rate by influencing _______ ______
resting potential
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How the nervous system controls heart rate by using Norep. to influence resting potential (mini-story) (2)
- Norepinephrine from sympathetic nerves increases permeability of Na+/K+ and Ca2+ channels
- The resting potential rises more quickly and action potentials are closer together
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How the nervous system controls heart rate by using ACh. to influence resting potential (mini-story) (2) *note that it is the opposite effect
- Acetylcholine from parasympathetic nerves increases permeability of K+ and decreases that of Ca2+ channels
- The resting potential rises more slowly and action potentials are farther apart
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Heart muscle contraction is coordinated. An action potential is generated in the _______ _____. The ______ ______ spreads through the ____ ______ in the _____ and they contract together, but it does not spread to the _______
- Sinoatrial node
- action potential
- gap junctions
- atria
- ventricles
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