Chapter 7: Hematopoiesis

• fetal hemoglobin has a higher oxygen capacity than adult hemoglobin. 
• able to take in oxygen more efficiently than adult in order to feed the baby the correct nutrients

• Mesoblastic phase: yolk sac
• Hepatic Phase: liver. 2nd trimester
• Medullary: bone marrow

• occurs within the red marrow of the bone located int he central sinus 
• cells move from the central sinus to the periheral and are pushed out through the spaces of the compact bone via adventitial cells. This creates the loss of nucleus for red blood cells.

• size decrease
• nucleus condenses

3:1

• increased ratio may mean infection
• decreased ratio may mean normoblastic hyperplasia (overproduction of cells by the organ)

overproduction of cells by the organ

as individuals age the ratio would decrease since myeloid cells are replaced by lipids and adipose tissue over time

• spleen
• liver

originates in the central sSinus (a big space): as the RBC matures, they are pushed out of the bone marrow within the central sinus via adventitial cells which contract to trap the RBC nucleus out of the RBC

• megakaryocytes
• WBC
• RBC

production of megakaryocyte

production of leukocytes or white blood cells

production of RBC

more fat cells than myeloid cells

• erythrocytes - RBC
• megakaryocytes - platelets
• granulocytes - WBC

• produces blood cells during 2nd trimester of fetal development
• produces all proteins for coagulation
• produces waste products such as bilirubin from heme degredation which will later mix with bile from the small intestine

• upferr cells: liver macrophages that recycles foreign debris
• hepatocytes cells

blood cellls that are produced outside of bone marrow.

in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity. below the ribs

• removes red blood cell and old platelets via splenic macrophages
• stores 30% of platelets
• contains 350-300ml of blood as a reservoir just in case of acute hemolysis

• White pulp: contains b-lymphocytes which are able to fight off viruses and bacteria along the periphery. 
• Red pulp: contains splenic macrophages and reticular fibers which fight off antigens and takes them to the lymphocytes, and maintains structure. Area where the blood comes through the spleen via splenic artery. Located in the center. 
• Marginal zone: region between  white pulp and  red pulp

contains splenic macrophages and reticular fibers which fight off antigens and takes them to the lymphocytes, and maintains structure. Area where the blood comes through the spleen via splenic artery. Located in the center.

cancer in lymphatic tissue

b lymphocytes and macrophages that remove and destroy unwanted cells

the traveling of cancer cells across the lymphatic vessels. usually lymph fluid is clear but presence of cancer cells will create a cloudy appearance

• 3 L
• 10% of total plasma in the body

a type of cancer where bone marrow makes too much lymphocytes

distinguishes the good and bad lymphocytes that do not and do self react with body's antigens

t-lymphocytes

b-lymphocytes

• cytokines
• growth factors 
• interleukins

because interleukins and growth factors originate from the bone marrow, they would produce a odd shape