-
escherechia coli in mastitis
- gram - FA bacillus, intestinal commensal
- coliform mastitis (environmental) of cattle, sheep, goats
- warm swollen gland, watery milk, possible systemic signs
-
Klebsiella (mastitis)
- gram - FA bacillus, intestinal commensal in environment
- cattle, sheep goats, coliform mastitis (environmental)
- warm swollen mammary gland, watery milk, possible systemic signs
-
Enterobacter spp
- gram - FA bacillus, intestinal commensal in environment
- cattle, sheep goats, coliform mastitis (environmental)
- warm swollen mammary gland, watery milk, possible systemic signs
-
Mannheimia haemolytica
Mannheimia glucosida
(mastitis)
- gram - bipolar staining FA coccobacillus, commensal in mm, not in environment (not contagious OR environmental mastitis. Lambs damage teats and inject oral Mannheimia).
- Gangrenous mastitis, "bluebag" in sheep (A2 serotype, A1 is pneumonia in cows).
- hot swollen painful gland becomes cold and black/blue. Milk is watery with red clots. Systemic signs.
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Staphylococcus aureus
- gram + FA coccus, clusters. commensal in skin, genital, respiratory, NOT in environment. Gangrenous mastitis, "bluebag" in cattle. Most common mast with strep agalactiae
- warm swollen firm red painful gland can become cold and black/blue. Milk is watery with red clots. Systemic signs. Palpable fibrosis of gland and decreased production if chronic
- dry therapy more effective
- coagulase and catalase +
-
streptococcus agalactiae, mastitis
- gram + aerotolerant coccus in pairs or chains, contagious mastitis, NOT commensal or environmental (so finding it is indicative).
- Sheep, goats and cattle
- subclinical with periodic acute inflammation, swollen hot gland, necrosis, fibrosis, drop in production. Fibrin clots in milk, systemic signs.
- most common with staph aureus
- abx best in dry period
-
streptococcus dysgalactiae
- gram + aerotolerant coccus, pairs/chains. Environmental mastitis.
- Swollen, warm, doughy gland. CLots and flakes in milk.
-
Streptococcus uberis
- gram + aerotolerant coccus, pairs/chains. Environmental mastitis
- usu subclinical and transitory, acute has systemic ADR signs.
- Mammary gland swollen, edematous, firm
- Milk has clots and flakes.
-
streptococcus equi ssp zooepidemicus (mastitis)
- gram + aerotolerant coccus, pairs/chains
- horses, sometimes cattle (could be any)
- firm warm painful gland
- pyogenic bacteria, so milk can be thick and purulent
-
Trueperella pyogenes
- gram + bacillus (or diphteroid), facultative anaerobe (mycolic acid in cell wall means don't always take one shape, could be considered pleiomorphic, but HAVE a cell wall, not like mycoplasma).
- COmmensal of skin, resp, urogenital
- SUMMER MASTITIS (infections during DRY period).
- Purulent infection with abscesses (mycolic acid is hard to deal with).
-
Mycoplasma spp (mastitis)
- Pleomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol
- Commensal of nasal, conjunctival, oral, intestinal, and genital ucosa.
- CONTAGIOUS mastitis (but less common)
- Spread by milk
- acute then becomes chronic. Gland swollen, warm, doughy to firm.
- Culling recommended.
-
naval ill/joint ill/sleepy foal disease
- actinobacillus equuli
- gram - FA coccobacillus
- peracute disease - sleepy, fever, diarrhea, prostration
- Rapid death, surviving animals develop arthritis, pneumonia
-
Actinobacillus equuli
- gram - FA coccobacillus
- commensal of MM in resp, digestive
- sleepy foal disease/naval ill/joint ill
- arthritis, endocarditis, nephritis, septicemia in older animals
- swine disease (similar to older animals, + mastitis)
- weak beta hemolysis
- abx (prophylactic for foals), clean umbilicus
-
Glasser's Disease
- Haemophilus parasuis, gram - bacillus, facultative anaerobe
- Polyserositis, polyarthritis, meningitis of swine
-
haemophilus parasuis
- gram - bacillus, FA
- Commensal of nasopharynx of swine
- Glasser's disease in pigs
- sporadic disease in endemic herds (ADR, resp, GI, lameness, paralytic)
- High Health status herds completely naive (fibrinopurulent exudate along peritoneum, pericardium, pleura, joints, meninges)
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Yersinia pestis
- gram -, coccobacillus, facultative anaerobe
- Plague
- Commensal only in tolerant hosts
- transmitted by ingestion, flea bites, inhalation
- cats extra susceptible
- Bubonic plague, septicemic plague, pneumonic plague
- acquired by flea bite or ingesting infected animals, spread by fibrinolysis. Non-productive inflammation = lymphadenopathy (buboes). Protein capsule inhibits phagocytosis, changes protein signaling (inhibit phagocytosis, respiratory burst, induce macrophage apoptosis, inhibit T cell activation.
- Causes "blockage" in flea, spits blood back into next host. Bacteria spread to bloodstream, endotoxic shock, death of animal.
- Zoonotic, bioterrorism
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Bubonic plague
- Yersinia pestis
- gram - coccobacillus, facultative anaerobe
- Regional LN inflamed and swollen, fever and dehydration
- zoonotic, bioterrorism
-
Septicemic plague
- Yersinia pestis
- gram - coccobacillus, facultative anaerobe
- fever, shock, DIC
- zoonotic, bioterrorism
-
Pneumonic Plague
- Yersinia pestis
- gram - coccobacillus, facultative anaerobe
- fever, coughing sneezing
- zoonotic, bioterrorism
-
Francisella Tularensis ssp tularensis (Type A strains)
- Gram - aerobic bacillus
- Commensal of rabbits, transmitted by ticks and direct contact
- causes tularemia
- zoonotic, bioterrorism, Reportable
- need cysteine to grow
-
Tularemia
- Francisella tularensis, gram - bacillus, aerobic
- Sheep: stiff gait, increased heart and respiratory rates, fever, cough, rapid weight loss, progressive weakness, recumbency
- zoonotic
-
Burkholderia spp
- gram - bacillus, aerobic
- Glanders (b mallei), Melioidosis (B pseudomallei), both zoonotic
-
Glanders
- Burkholderia mallei, gram - aerobic bacillus
- acquired by ingestion (contaminated by nasal)
- Eliminated from US
- Acute dz = fever, nasal d/c, lymphadenitis of head and neck
- chronic dz (horses) = pulmonary (cough, epistaxis, labored breathing), nasal (nodular lesions on turbinates, enlarged LN), skin (SQ nodules, enlarged LN)
- zoonotic, bioterrorism, agroterrorism, reportable
-
melioidosis
- burkholderia pseudomallei, gram - bacillus, aerobic
- in environment
- acquired through breaks in skin or ingestion
- Horses get dz like glanders, goats and pigs (chronic), rodents and sheep (CNS signs, often fatal)
- Zoonotic, bioterrorism, agroterrorism, reportable. Cull (eradicated in US)
-
Chlamydia pecorum
- obligate intracellular small round gram -
- commensal of resp, digestive, genital
- elementary and reticulate bodies
- Transmission by contact, inclusions in specimens.
- Lambs - spread from MM to synovial, polyarthritis
- calves - spread to brain, encephalitis (ataxia, depression.
- Also can be ocular in small ruminants.
- Zoonotic
-
Borrelia
- gram - microaerophilic, motile, loosely coiled spirochetes
- transmitted by text
- b anserina - fowl spirochetosis
- b. burdorferi - lyme disease
- tick bites host, bacteria change surface protein expression (which allows them to persist in tick gut), move into salivary glands, innoculated, avoid immune (down-regulate outer membrane protein synthesis or vary antigens of outer membrane proteins. Hide in CT). Damage due to inflammation ("stealth pathogens")
-
fowl spirochetosis
- borrelia anserina, gram - microaerophilic, motile, loosely coiled spirochetes
- transmitted by ticks
- fever, depression, anorexia, cyanotic, greenish diarrhea, later paralysis, anemia
-
lyme disease
- borrelia burgdorferi
- gram - microaerophilic, motile, loosely coiled spirochetes, tick transmitted
- dogs - polyarthritis, fever, anorexia
- horses and cattle - arthritis, ocular and neural involvement
- tick transmission, in 36-48h
- zoonotic
-
Rickettsia rickettsii
- gram - obligate intracellular in endothelial, coccobacillus
- Actin rockets like listeria! Escape from vacuole, grow in cytoplasm.
- Commensal of rodents, transmitted by ticks
- Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (usu dogs, sometimes cats) - high fever, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhagic mm, tenderness over LN, joints, muscles. Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages (endothelial = vasculitis) develop later on ocular, oral, genital mm. Neuro signs (ataxia, head tilt, seizure)
- zoonotic.
- Seen intracellularly
-
coxiella burnetii
- gram - obligate intracellular coccobacillus
- Q fever
- sheep goats and cattle (asymptomatic), possible late-term abortions, subclinical mastitis, decreased milk in cows.
- shed in placenta, amniotic fluids, milk, urine, feces
- large cell variant = intracellular. Small cell variant = outside cells, resistant to heat/dry/etc
- zoonotic, bioterrorism, reportable
-
Q fever
- gram - obligate intracellular coccobacillus
- coxiella burnetii
- sheep goats and cattle (asymptomatic), possible late-term abortions, subclinical mastitis, decreased milk in cows.
- shed in placenta, amniotic fluids, milk, urine, feces
- large cell variant = intracellular. Small cell variant = outside cells, resistant to heat/dry/etc
- zoonotic, bioterrorism, reportable
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Anaplasmataceae
- obligate intracellular bacteria, have 2 membranes but no LPS (so may not activate PRR). No cell wall.
- Includes Ehrlichia (WBC), anaplasma, neorickettsia.
- Taken up into vacuole, prevent lysosomal fusion, live in there.
-
Ehrlichia canis
- family anaplasmataceae (obligate intracellular bacteria, have 2 membranes but no LPS (so may not activate PRR). No cell wall.)
- obligate intracellular bacteria (mononuclear), two membranes but lack LPS and cell wall (so no PRR stimulation). Live in vacuole, make "morula" (which is just a vacuole with bacteria inside)
- tick transmission (dog tick), transmits in 3-6h, infectious for 2 weeks.
- initially mild infection (moderate fever, depression, inappetance, weight loss, pale mm, dyspnea, lymphadenopathy)
- may progress to severe (epistaxis, CNS, glomerulonephritis, pneumonia)
-
Ehrlichia ruminantium
- Heartwater Disease (Reportable). Ruminants
- Peracute (fever, rapid death) vs acute disease (fever, NS signs inc aggression, death in ~1wk). No signs in very young, so sometimes give live organism as a vaccine.
- not in US
- family anaplasmataceae (obligate intracellular bacteria, have 2 membranes but no LPS (so may not activate PRR). No cell wall.)
- obligate intracellular bacteria, two membranes but lack LPS and cell wall (so no PRR stimulation). Live in vacuole, make "morula" (which is just a vacuole with bacteria inside)
- tick transmission, infectious for 2 weeks or so.
-
anaplasma marginale
- obligate intracellular bacteria, have 2 membranes but no LPS (so may not activate PRR). No cell wall.
- cattle, REPORTABLE. Tick/bloodsucking arthropod transmission, infected are carriers
- erythrocytes, anemia (fever, weight loss, abortion). Infected removed by phagocytosis. Don't survive in environment
-
anaplasma ovis
- obligate intracellular bacteria, have 2 membranes but no LPS (so may not activate PRR). No cell wall.
- sheep and goat.
- Tick/bloodsucking arthropod transmission, infected are carriers
- erythrocytes, anemia (fever, weight loss, abortion). Infected removed by phagocytosis. Don't survive in environment
-
anaplasma phagocytophilum
- obligate intracellular bacteria, have 2 membranes but no LPS (so may not activate PRR). No cell wall.
- horses, dogs, ruminants. Severe in older - high fever, mucosal pallor, icterus, inappetance, depression, edema. Tick borne fever in ruminants (fever, drop in milk, lethargy, polypnea, abortion)
- Tick/bloodsucking arthropod transmission
- zoonotic but not from pets
- Ixodes ticks, can co-infect with borrelia (same tick!)
-
Neorickettsia helminthoeca
- Associated with trematodes (fluke = nanophyetus salmincola) that use snails as intermediate
- multiply inside monocytes, macrophages (found in LN aspirates)
- Salmon poisoning disease, salmon disease: lymphadenopathy, anorexia, depression, weight loss, persistent diarrhea (can be bloody), from eating uncooked salmon
-
neorickettsia risticii
- associated with trematodes that use snails as intermediate hosts, multiply inside monocytes, macrophages
- Looks like salmonellosis
- Potomac horse fever: fever, listlessness, anorexia, leukopenia, diarrhea
-
salmon (poisoning) disease
- neorickettsia helminthoeca
- Associated with trematodes (fluke = nanophyetus salmincola) that use snails as intermediatemultiply inside monocytes, macrophages (found in LN aspirates)
- lymphadenopathy, anorexia, depression, weight loss, persistent diarrhea (can be bloody), from eating uncooked salmon
-
Potomac Horse Fever
- associated with trematodes that use snails as intermediate hosts, multiply inside monocytes, macrophages
- Looks like salmonellosis
- fever, listlessness, anorexia, leukopenia, diarrhea
-
bacillus anthracis
- gram + aerobic spore-forming bacillus (ANTHRAX)
- environment (resistant!), acquired via ingestion
- cattle, sheep, goats: rapid death with fever, chills, agalactia, abortion, congested mm, bloody urine and feces, edema
- horses: colic, diarrhea, only death with throat edema
- swine: regional lymphadenitis (obstructive edema MAY cause death)
- zoonotic, bioterrorism, agroterrorism, reportable
- ingested spores taken in by macrophages, germinate, multiply, capsule, released from cells, multiply in LN
-
Mycoplasma hyorhinis
- pleiomorphic, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall, membrane has cholesterol.
- Commensal of mm, STRESS
- polyserositis and arthritis in piglets (+URT), ADR + fever. Lame, swollen joints.
- doesn't really respond to abx, once damaged tissues stay damaged (but don't die)
-
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
- pleiomorphic, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall, membrane has cholesterol.
- commensal of mm
- arthritis in older pigs, lameness, inappetence, weight loss.
- Responds to abx
-
mycoplasma synoviae
- pleiomorphic, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall, membrane has cholesterol.
- commensal in mm, STRESS
- synovitis in chickens, turkeys
- lameness, retarded growth, listlessness, dehydration.
- Abs don't really cure.
- REPORTABLE
-
mycoplasma haemofelis
- hemotropic mycoplasma. pleiomorphic, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall, membrane has cholesterol.
- STRESS
- Surface parasite of erythrocytes. Blood-borne transmission (arthropods, fighting)
- anemia (weakness, pallor, fever, icterus)
- Infected cells REMOVED BY PHAGOCYTOSIS
- tx with tetracycline (improves but doesn't clear)
-
mycoplasma suis
- pleiomorphic, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall, membrane has cholesterol. Erythrocyte surface parasite.
- bloodborne trasmission (hog louse, iatrogenic via instruments)
- Ictero-anemia of pigs (piglets get weakness and anemia), sows (decreased repro), feeders (decreased weight gain, acute anemia with depression, anorexia, fever, weakness, icterus).
- REMOVED BY PHAGOCYTOSIS, seen in blood smear.
-
Blastomyces dermatitidis
- yeast with broad based buds (in body, mold in environment). Environment/soil. transmission by inhalation with long term, non-specific signs.
- Eastern US near water
- anorexia, weight loss, dyspnea, ocular disease, lameness, skin lesions
- takes a LONG time to get better.
- Dogs, rarely cats
- Long term tx with itraconazole +/- amphoteracin B. Fluconazole best for CNS and ocular
-
Coccidioides immitis/posadasii
- fungus, spherules in parasitic form (full of endospores)
- Inhale spore, enlarges to spherule full of endospore in lung, rupture and spread systemically. Inflammatory but not contagious.
- Dogs: fever, anorexia, weakness, weight loss, lameness, depression
- horses: weight loss, cough, muscle pain, superficial abscess (from SYSTEMIC SPREAD)
- Cats: skin lesions, fever, inappetance, weight loss
- Long term tx with itraconazole +/- amphoteracin B. Fluconazole best for CNS and ocular
-
histoplasma capsulatum variant capsulatum
- Southern and middle (TN, MO) US.
- yeast in parasitic, mold in env with guano (dimorphic).
- Intracellular pathogen of phagocytic cells. NO CAPSULE.
- dogs: lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, diarrhea, dehydration, anemia, enlarged lymphoid organs
- Cats: depression, weight loss, fever, dyspnea, tachypnea, enlarged lymphoid organs.
- Long term tx with itraconazole +/- amphoteracin B. Fluconazole best for CNS and ocular
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