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what is blood made of?
- 55% plasma: 90% water 10% solids ( 8% proteins and 2% electrolytes)
- 45% formed elements : RBC,WBC, platelets
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what are the roles of erythrocytes (RBC)?
- Have no nuclei
- Involved in CO2-O2 transport
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what are Leucocytes (WBC)?
Part of the immune system
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what are thrombocytes (platelets)?
mainly involved in homeostasis or coagulation
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what is the sedimentation rate?
- Rate at which the erythrocytes (RBC) sink at the bottom of the test tube
- Calculated in mm/hr
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what affects the rate of sedimentation ?
- Rate varies by species and is affected the agglutination of RBC and the plasma proteins
- Also affected by the presence of a disease in an individual
- Rate is ↑ in general infections, malignancy, arthritis, anemia and pregnancy
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what does the sedimentation rate increase ↑ in pregnancy?
- Blood volume increases ↑ by 50% in pregnant woman to meet demands of a growing fetus
- kidneys filter ↑ volume of blood
- Safety mechanism = blood is loss during labor and delivery
- RBC and plasma increase ↑ during pregnancy
- RBC ↑ = ↑ body's demand for iron
- ↑ WBC = before and after delivery (for protection)
- ↑ plasma = can cause anemia
- Sedimentation ↑
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What are the sedimentation rates for some animals?
MEASURES THE PLASMA (NOT THE BUFFY COAT)
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what is the human ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) for males?
0-15mm/hr
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what is the human ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) for females?
0-20mm/hr
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what is hematocrit (or PCV)?
- Measures the the volume of RBC (RBC concentration) compared to the total blood volume (RBC + plasma)
- Term means to "separate blood"
- Heavy RBC sink to the bottom
- Buffy coat = WBC and platelets rise to the top
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what are the normal hematocrit values for newborns?
Up to 60%
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what are the normal hematocrit values for adults (males)?
- 40-54%
- Have ↑ muscle mass = ↑ hematocrit
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what are the normal hematocrit values for females?
36-46%
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what are the normal hematocrit values for pregnant women?
↓ hematocrit, especially in the last trimester as plasma volume ↑
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what are the normal hematocrit values for children?
Varies with age
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4. how does dehydration or anemia affect an animals hematocrit reading?*
- Dehydration
- ↑ PCV since there is less plasma
- Anemia
- ↓ PCV since there is less RBC
- plasma stays the same
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what is the normal packed cell volume (PCV) for dogs?
29-55%
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what is the normal packed cell volume (PCV) for cow?
24-48%
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what is coagulation?
- Process initiated by blood platelets
- Platelet substance + Ca ions = thromboplastin
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what does thromboplastin do?
Converts prothrombin → thrombin
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what is thrombin?
- A proteolytic enzyme
- Converts fibrinogen → fibrin
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what is fibrin?
- An insoluble protein that forms an intricate network threadlike structures called fibrilsCauses the blood plasma to gel and clot
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where do platelets come from?
From the bone marrow
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what is a blood clot?
- Made of blood platelets and proteins from the blood plasma
- Called coagulation factors - Made by the liver
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what happens when you have a low number of platelets?
More bleeding
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what is the cause of low platelet counts
- Autoimmune diseases where you produce an antibody to your own platelets
- Genetic disorders (ex. haemophilia)
- Chemotherapy
- Leukaemia
- Viral infections
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what happens when you have a high number of platelets?
Make person more prone to blood clots
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what is the cause of high platelet count?
- Essential thrombocythemia = Overproduction of platelets
- High counts = Thrombocytosis
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what are some complications that come with a high platelet count?
- Stroke
- Heart attack
- Formation of blood clots in areas and legs
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what is the lifespan of platelets?
under 7 days
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what is the normal platelet count range in humans?
150,000 to 450,000 platelets per microlitter of blood
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what are the 5 types of white blood cells (WBC)?
- Neutrophils = 62%
- Eosinophils = 2.3%
- Basophils = 0.4%
- Lymphocytes = 30%
- Monocytes = 5.3%
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what are the groups of white blood cells (WBC)?
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
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what are granulocytes?
Cells produced from the bone marrow due to prominent granules in their cytoplasm
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which WBCs are known as granulocytes?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
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what are agranulocytes?
Cell produced in the bone marrow due BUT have NO granules in their cytoplasm
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where are agranulocytes found?
Lymph nodes and Spleen
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which WBCs are known as agranulocytes?
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how are RBCs described?
- Enucleated
- Consist of hemoglobin
- Contain iron for cell to carry O2Carry CO2 away from the lungs
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how are platelets described ?
- Tiny cells
- Formed in the bone marrow
- Necessary for clotting
- 2 groups : granulocytes and agranulocytes
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what are neutrophils?
Phagocytosis of bacteria and cellular debris
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what are eosinophils?
Kills down clots and kills parasites
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what are basophils?
Synthesize and store histamine (a substance released during inflammation) and heparin (an anticoagulant)
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what are lymphocytes?
Produce antibodies (immune response)
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what are monocytes?
Phagocytosis, typically as macrophage in liver, spleen, lungs and lymph nodes
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where are leucocytes (WBC) produced?
In the bone marrow and lymph tissue
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How to do a differential white blood count?
Stained blood smear by counting 100 cells and classifying them according to type
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5. what effect did the saline have on blood cell size and shape? *
- 1.6% salinehave a pointy/prickly shapecells are going under CRENATION (shrinking process)
- ↑er solute concentration outside
- HYPERTONIC
- 0.85% saline
- isotonic = equilibrium
- 0.43% saline
- cells get really big
- swelling
- hemolysis = bursting of cells
- HYPOTONIC
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6. compare the PCV of the diluted hematocrit (1.6% saline) with the whole blood from PART B (remember that you must multiply the result x 2 since the blood was diluted 1:1). If there is a difference, explain what caused it.***
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