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Study of the body's structures by systems such as the nervous
and muscular systems.
Systemic Anatomy
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Study of the body's organization by areas; the approach used in
most medical schools.
Regional Anatomy
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Study of external features that serve as landmarks to locate
deeper structures.
Surface Anatomy
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The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or
functions of living things.
Physiology
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Study of the bodys structure.
Anatomy
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Physiology - Form Follows Function
Bones are long and hard and therefore provide movement and architecture.
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Condition, such as body temperature, that can change in value.
Variable
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The ideal, normal value of a variable maintained by
homeostatic mechanisms.
Set Point
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Slight increase or decrease of a variable around its set point.
Normal Range
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Monitors the value of a variable such as blood pressure.
Receptor
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Establishes the set point around which the value of a variable is
maintained; part of the brain is an example.
Control Center
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Can change the value of a variable; for example, the heart can
change blood pressure.
Effector
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Maintains homeostasis by resisting or reducing any deviation
from the set point.
Negative Feedback
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When a deviation from a normal value occurs, the response is
to make the deviation even greater.
Positive Feedback
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Medical therapy seeks to overcome illness by aiding this type of
feedback.
Negative Feedback
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Increases heart rate in response to a decrease in blood pressure.
Negative Feedback
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Decreases the ability of the heart to pump following blood loss.
Positive Feedback
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Stretch of the uterus causes uterine contractions during
delivery.
Positive Feedback
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A structure within a cell that performs one or more specific
functions.
Organelle
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The basic living unit of all plants and animals.
Cell
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A group of cells with similar structure and function plus the
extracellular substances located between them.
Tissue
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Two or more tissue types that together perform one or more
common functions.
Organ
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Hierarchical Oganization - Smallest to Largest
Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism
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Organ system that consists of glands such as the pituitary and
thyroid glands; a major regulatory system.
Endocrine
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Cavity surrounded by the rib cage, bounded inferiorly by the
diaphragm, and divided into right and left parts by the
mediastinum.
Thoracic Cavity
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Cavity bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and the
superior bones of the pelvis.
Abdominal Cavity
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Small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis.
Pelvic Cavity
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Cavity containing the heart and lungs.
Thoracic Cavity
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Cavity containing the stomach and kidneys.
Abdominal Cavity
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Cavity containing the urinary bladder and internal
reproductive organs.
Pelvic Cavity
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Portion of a serous membrane in contact with an organ.
Visceral
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Portion of a serous membrane that lines a trunk cavity.
Parietal
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Serous membrane that surrounds the lungs and lines the
thoracic cavity.
Pleural Membrane
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Serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
and covers their organs.
Peritoneal Membrane
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Double-layered serous membrane that anchors some abdominal
organs to the body wall.
Mesentery
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Location of organs covered only by parietal peritoneum.
Retroperitoneal
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Makes up the ventral body cavity. (2)
Thoracic and Abdominal
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Cavities are seperated by the diaphram within ventral body cavity.
Thoracic and Abdominal
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Makes up the dorsal body cavity. (2)
Cranial and Spinal.
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Definition & Example
Right
Toward the right side of the body.
The right ear.
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Definition & Example
Left
Towards the left side of the body.
The left ear.
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Definition & Example
Inferior
Lower/Below
The nose is ________ to the forehead.
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Definition & Example
Superior
Higher/Above
The mouth is ________ to the chin.
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Definition & Example
Anterior
To go before/Toward the front of the body.
The teeth are __________ to the throat.
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Definition & Example
Posterior
Following/Toward the back of the body.
The brain is __________ to the eyes.
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Definition & Example
Dorsal
Back/Towards the back.
The spine is ________ to the breastbone.
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Definition & Example
Ventral
Belly/Toward the belly.
The navel is ________ to the spine.
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Definition & Example
Proximal
Nearest/Closer to a point of attachment.
The elbow is ________ to the wrist.
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Definition & Example
Distal
To be distant/Farther from a point of attachment.
The knee is _____ to the hip.
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Definition & Example
Lateral
Side/Away from the midline.
The nipple is _______ to the breastbone.
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Definition & Example
Medial
Middle/Toward the midline of the body.
The bridge of the nose is _______ to the eye.
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Definition & Example
Superficial
Surface/Towards or on the surface.
The skin is _______ to the muscle.
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Definition & Example
Deep
Away from the surface.
The lungs are _____ to the ribs.
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Definition
Cortical
Outer Layer
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Definition
Medullary
Centurally Located
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Runs vertically through the body and divides it into right and
left parts.
Sagittal Plane
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Runs parallel to the surface of the ground and divides the body
into superior and inferior parts.
Transverse Plane
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Runs vertically through the body and divides it into anterior
and posterior parts.
Frontal (coronal) Plane
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A cut through the long axis of an organ.
Longitudinal Section
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A cut at a right angle to the long axis of an organ.
Transverse (cross) Section
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A cut across the long axis of an organ at any angle other than a
right angle.
Oblique Section
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Plane that divides into equal left and right sides.
Midsagittal
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