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there are two types of cells. Name and describe them
- prokaryotic cell: does not have a nucleus and lacks membrane bound organelle
- eukaryotic cell: contains a nucleus with complex membrane bound organelles
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what causes cellular diversity
gene expression such as mutations or deletions,etc
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what is progeria and the cause
- premature aging of the musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system.
- caused by lamin A mutation which is component of nuclear pores
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describe how the plasma membrane has its selective barrier
only allows non charged hydrophobic molecules to pass through such as lipids, negating any charged molecules and large macromolecules.
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Describe the role of cell gate keepers and give examples.
- protein channels allows the permeability of some substances through the membrane.
- ex) ligand gated channels
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describe the role of ligands and give an example
- ligands are receptor specific molecules that cause causes a change in shape of channels making them open. Like a lock and key
- ex) acetlycholine
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what is cystic fibrosis and symptoms
- a channel protein defect responsible for water and salt movement.
- Causes mucus buildup in lungs and digestive
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what are the function of marker molecules and name an example
- immunity
- recognition
- intercellular communication
- ex) glucoprotein
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what is the function of receptor molecules and give an example
membrane proteins that have an exposed receptor site where specific ligands attach and act in intercellular communication
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describe the causes, symtpoms and chromosome number of familial hypercholesterolemia (FM)
- a genetic disorder caused by a defect in LDL receptors
- creating a deposit of cholesterol particularly around the fingers and eyelids
- chromosome 19
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Describe the role of LDL and HDL
- LDL and HDL are bad and good cholesterol respectively.
- They act as carriers of cholesterol as it moves into the liver
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what is the general rule for all molecules that require a carrier
they are all non polar
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describe the function of the nucleus
carriers all genetic information
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what are the three components of the nucleus
- nuclear pores: holes that allow movement of molecules in and out of nucleus
- nucleolus: site of RNA production
- Chromosomes: composed of DNA and proteins
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where are proteins created
in the cytoplasm and used in the cytoplasm
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what are the 4 characteristics of IDing cells
- shape of nucleus
- size of cell
- color of granules
- color of cytoplasm
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what is transcription and where does it occur
- occurs within euchromatin within the nucleus.
- where pre-RNA is created in the DNA template.
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what is the central dogma of biology
- the procedures of protien synthesis from dna
- DNA--> RNA --> proteins
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what is translation and where does it occur
occurs within the cytosol/cytoplasm where mRNA creates proteins via free ribsomes.
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describe the cytosol and its function
- a semi liquid gel like substances that suspends all organelles
- forms the enzymatic regulation and storage of fat vesicles
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describe the characteristics of mitochondrion and function
- double membrane organelle
- has its own circular DNA
- site of ATP sythesis
- formed from endosymbiosis
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describe the symptoms and cause of leigh's disease
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apoptosis
- cell death that is part of normal development
- presence of macrophages
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necrosis
- cell death in response to trauma.
- Cells release their their contents because of cell rupturing.
- resulting in inflammation.
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How many total liters of blood is there in the body?
5 liters
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What is plasma
liquid portion of blood containing coagulants and everything except RBC
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descibre how RBCs biconcave shape iss significant
contributes to RBC deformabiltiy, allowing it to move around in very thin environments such as capillaries.
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define microcytosis
cells less than 8 microns
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define macrocytosis
cells greater than 8 microns
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What would the presence of a lot of nucleated cells indicate in the blood
immaturity of RBC would indicate hemolysis or acute hemolysis. usually the bone marrow pumps out immature cells in order to compensate for the loss of mature RBCs
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name the 5 different classes of white blood cells in the blood
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinonphils
- basophils
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what are indices
certain values that are obtained from blood cell measurments
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what does hematocrit measure
- volume of RBC in the blood.
- directly related to the amount of hemoglobin the the blood
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rule of three
- red blood cell count x 3 = hemoglobin value
- hemoglobin value x 3 = hematocrit
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whatif there is a discrpency in rule of three
hemolysis
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what is the normal value of hematocrit
45%
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what are reticolucytes
young RBCs less than 48 hours old without a nucleus
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what percent of blood do Reticolucytes make up
1-2%
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what type of stain IDs reticulocytes
metheylene blue
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Name the three RBC indices and desribe their values
- RDW (RBC distribution width) = determines the degree of size variation. degree of anisocytosis
- MCV (mean corpuscular volume)= determines the volume of RBC
- MCHC/MCH (mean corpuscular hemoglobin)= determines the intensity or pallor of RBC
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what is anisocytosis
variation of RBC size
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what is poikilocytosis
variation of abnormally shaped RBCs
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what is leukopenia
decreased WBC count
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what is leukocytosis
increased WBC count
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describe the nucleus, cytoplasm, granules and size of the segmented neutrophils
- nucleus: contains loose lobes usually 2 or 5 connnected by a fine filament
- cytoplasm: bluish in color
- granules: pinkish
- size: 9- 15 microns
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name this cell
segmented neutrophil
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describe the nucleus, cytoplasm, granules and size of the band neutrophil
- Nucleus: horseshoe shaped
- cytoplasm: pink
- granules: pink
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name this cell
band neutrophil
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name this cell
eosinophil
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name this cell
eosinophil
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Name this cell
Basophil
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describe the nucleus, cytoplasm, granules and size of the eosinophil
- nucleus: contains two lobes
- cytoplasm: orange pink
- granules: orange pink:
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Name this cell
Basophil
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describe the nucleus, cytoplasm, granules, and size of a monocyte
- nucleus: irregular shaped with lacy brain-like convolutions
- cytoplasm: blue-gray cloudy in appearance contains vacuoles
- Granules: ground glass appearance
- size: may contain pseudopods. varies in size and shape
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Name this cell
monocyte
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name this cell
band neutrophil
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describe the nucleus, cytoplasm, granules, and size of a band neutrophil
- nucleus: U-shaped
- granules: fine light pinkcytoplasm: pink
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describe the nucleus, cytoplasm, granules, and size of a lymphocyte
- nucleus: circular in shape. highly condensed nuclues
- cytoplasm: clear
- granules: some pink granules. usually don't have any
- size: varies depending on activity. Enlarges when active
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name this cell
band neutrophil
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band neutrophil vs Monocyte
note the color of the cytoplasm of a monocyte is darker and size is larger
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large lymphocyte vs. monocyte
- note the clearer glass appearance of the lymphocyte.
- lymphocyte nucleus is usually oval in shape
- monocyte is irregular
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lymphocyte vs monocyte
- blue arrow: lymphocyte
- red arrow: monocyte
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describe the nucleus, cytoplasm, granules, and size of a basophil
- nucleus: irregular shaped usually covered by granules
- cytoplasm: dark blue purple
- granules: numerous and dark purple
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