-
motor innervation of all skeletal muscles
somatic (voluntary motor)
-
motor innervation of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
ANS (involuntary motor)
-
the output of the CNS that controls involuntary functions
ANS
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consists of all nerves and ganglia outside the CNS; not encased in bone
PNS
-
main function of the PNS
connect limbs and organs to the CNS
-
ANS has 2 divisions (sympathetic & parasympathetic) - one will __ a function and the other will __ it.
increase; decrease
-
The parasympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are in the __ & __ region of the spinal cord.
brain stem; sacral
(page 7 on slide)
-
The sympathetic pre-ganglionic neurons are in the __ & __ region of the spinal cord.
thoracic; lumbar
(page 7 on slide)
-
The __ division has ganglia (cell bodies) near target organs.
parasympathetic
(page 7 on slide)
-
contains most of the ganglia (cell bodies) in the sympathetic division
sympathetic trunk ganglia
(page 7 on slide)
-
Pre-ganglionic neurons of both the parasympathetic & sympathetic division are __
cholinergic
(page 7 on slide)
-
Post-ganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are mostly __
cholinergic
(page 7 on slide)
-
Post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division are __
noradrenergic
(page 7 on slide)
-
Autonomic efferent pathways begin with __ neurons that use __ (neurotransmitter) & have cell bodies in the __ or __
cholinergic; ACh; brain stem; spinal cord
(page 7 & 8 on slide)
-
Pre-ganglionic neurons synapse on a second neuron outside the CNS, in a collection of neurons called a __
ganglion
(Sympathetic trunk ganglia in sympathetic division)
-
__ neurons: its axon leaves the ganglion and synapses in the target organs
Post-ganglionic
(page 10 on slide)
-
Target cells respond in opposite ways to __ & __ (neurotransmitters)
acetylcholine; norepinephrine
-
__ neurons send axons to the adrenal.
Pre-ganglionic sympathetic
(Hormone-secreting cells in the adrenal are actually modified neurons - secrete neurotransmitters that act as hormones into the circulation.)
(page 17 on slide)
-
The neurotransmitter targeting skeletal muscles (somatic motor) is __ and has a __ effect.
ACh; stimulatory
(page 18 on slide)
-
In the sympathetic division, __ (neurotransmitter) binds to __ receptors on the effector organ.
- norepinephrine (NE);
- nor-adrenergic
-
In the parasympathetic division, __ (neurotransmitter) binds to __ receptors on the effector organ.
ACh; muscarinic
-
If you apply __ (neurotransmitter) to skeletal muscles, they relax.
norepinephrine
(page 19 on slide)
-
Both sympathetic & parasympathetic post-ganglionic dendrites have __ receptors
nicotinic (ionotropic)
-
cell bodies in CNS: __
- cell bodies in PNS: __
- bundle of axons in CNS: __
- bundle axons in PNS: __
- nuclei;
- ganglia;
- tract;
- nerve
-
__ binds to the transmembrane receptor that activates the Gs pathway. When __ binds, it inhibits the pathway.
Norepinephrine (NE); Beta (1 & 2) blockers
(Gs activates adenylyl cyclase to convert ATP to cAMP, leads to PKA and opening of Ca2+ channels, causing muscle contraction)
(page 13 on slide)
-
__ binds to the transmembrane receptor that activates the Gi pathway. When __ binds, it inhibits the pathway.
Acetylcholine (ACh); adenosine & muscarinic receptor
(Gi inhibits adenylyl cyclase from converting ATP to cAMP, leads to less PKA and less opening of Ca2+ channels, causing less muscle contraction)
(page 13 on slide)
-
steps in sympathetic pathway
- 1. Pre-ganglionic cholinergic neurons leave thoracic or lumbar region of spinal cord.
- 2. Axons synapse in the sympathetic trunk ganglia & releases ACh.
- 3. ACh binds to nicotinic receptors on post-ganglionic dendrites.
- 4. Action potential occurs & the neuron releases NE at the axon terminal to nor-adrenergic receptors (g-protein coupled) on target organ.
- 5. Sympathetic response occurs. (heart speed up, etc.)
(page 8 & 18 on slide)
-
steps in pathway to the adrenal gland
- 1. Pre-ganglionic neurons leave thoracic or lumbar region of spinal cord.
- 2. Axons go to nicotinic receptors on chromaffin cells (post-ganglionic cells) of the adrenal medulla.
- 3. Depolarization occurs and releases epinephrine & NE into the bloodstream.
- 4. Sympathetic response occurs.
-
steps in parasympathetic pathway
- 1. Pre-ganglionic cholinergic neurons leave brain stem or sacral region of spinal cord.
- 2. Axons synapse in a ganglion near the target organ & releases ACh.
- 3. ACh binds to nicotinic receptors on post-ganglionic dendrites.
- 4. Action potential occurs & the neuron releases ACh at the axon terminal to muscarinic receptors (g-protein coupled) on target organ.
- 5. Parasympathetic response occurs. (activation of digestion, etc)
(page 8 & 18 on slide)
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