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the study of host defense mechanisms
immunology
The immune system comprises the tissues, cells, & molecules which mount the immune response.
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the ability of the host to protect itself against foreign organisms
immunity
Defense systems are based on the recognition of self (one's own) and non-self (foreign) molecules.
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Animals have various means of defense against __ - agents that cause disease
pathogens
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tissues involved in the immune system
lymphoid tissue & blood (particularly white blood cells)
(page 5 & 6 on slide)
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Lymph nodes contain __, a type of white blood cell that initiate an immune response if foreign molecules are detected.
lymphocytes
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__ cells come from the bone marrow and differentiate into many types of blood cells
Multipotent hematopoietic
(page 11 on slide)
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blood cell that does phagocytosis & stimulate inflammation
neutrophils
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blood cell that releases histamine
mast cells
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blood cells that does phagocytosis & present antigens to T cells
macrophages & dendritic cells (present to lymph node)
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cell that differentiates to form antibody-producing cells & memory cells
B lymphocytes
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cell that kill virus-infected cells; regulate activities of other white blood cells
T lymphocytes
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cell that attack and lyse virus-infected or cancerous body cells
natural killer cells (non-specific defense)
- innate & rapid
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__ defenses are slow to develop & long lasting (antibodies)
Specific (adaptive)
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
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represent the 1st line of defense
nonspecific defense
- barriers such as skin
- saliva, tears
- stomach acid
- phagocytic cells
- natural killer cells
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4 key traits of specific immunity
- specificity
- ability to distinguish self from non-self
- diversity - response to a wide variety of non-self molecules
- memory
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The __ immune response uses B cells
humoral
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The __ immune response uses cytotoxic T cells
cellular
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__ are Y shaped protein produced by B cells to identify & neutralize foreign objects & invaders.
Antibodies
(page 24 on slide)
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substance that initiates the production of antibodies
antigen
(page 23 on slide)
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Any immature B & T cells that show the potential to mount an immune response to self-antigens undergo apoptosis. This is called __
clonal deletion
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mostly found on surfaces of B cells, macrophages, & other antigen presenting cells. T-helper cells have a surface protein (CD4) that binds to this antigen complex.
MHC II
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present on the surface of every nucleated cell. can interact with cytotoxic T cells. Cytotoxic T cells have a membrane protein (CD8) which can recognize and bind to this antigen complex
MHC I
(Any malfunctioning cell will present antigen on MHC I: cancer, viral infection)
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Humoral immune response: Macrophage will phagocytose __ & present the fragment on __ to the __. This cell gets activated and releases__.
- antigen;
- MHC II;
- T-helper cell;
- cytokines
(Macrophages also release cytokines.)
(page 33 on slide)
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Humoral immune response: After the T-helper cell gets activated and __ is released, the T-helper cell __ & differentiates into __ & __
- cytokine;
- proliferates;
- effector T-helper cells;
- memory cells
(page 33 on slide)
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Humoral immune response: The effector T-helper cell activates __
B cells
(page 34 on slide)
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Humoral immune response: Antibodies are secreted by __ and binds to an __. Once bound, the cell will __ & then differentiate into __ & __.
- B cells;
- epitope of a specific antigen;
- proliferate (clone itself);
- plasma cells (effector B cells);
- memory cells
(page 28 on slide)
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Humoral immune response: __ cells secrete antibodies, tags the pathogen & neutralizes the antigen. __ cells are now in higher quantity than before the antigen activation.
Plasma (effector B cells); memory
(Next time an infection occurs, the immune response will be faster.)
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Cellular immune response: Intracellular fragment is presented on __. A __ will recognize & bind to it, which then will become activated & proliferate into an __ & __
- MHC I;
- cytotoxic T cell;
- effector cytotoxic T cell;
- memory cell
(page 43 on slide)
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Cellular immune response: The effector T-cytotoxic T cell will __ by releasing __
- recognize other infected cells, bind to them & initiate lysis;
- cytotoxins
(page 43 on slide)
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__ occurs when clones of B & T cells are produced that are directed against self antigens
Autoimmunity
can result from failure of clonal deletion or molecular mimicry - self has antigens that resemble nonself & are recognized by T cells
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis - immune cells attack thyroid tissue,
- Diabetes type I - insulin-producing cells are destroyed
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