research2

• 1. associative-when on variable changes,the other variable changes
• 2. casual-when one variable determines the presence or change in another variable
• 3.simple- a hypothesis describing the relationship between two variables
• 4.complex- describes the relationship among three or more variables
• 5.directional-describes the direction of a relationship between two or more variables
• 6.non-directional- statement of the relationship between two variables that does not predict the direction of the relationship
• 7.null- a hypothesis stating that there is no relationship between the variables
• 8.research- indicate that a relationship between two or more variables exists

formal statements regarding the expected or predicted relationship between two or more variables in a specific population

derived from either the problem statement or the research question

include independent and dependent variables, predict relationship between variables in a specific population

a phenomenon that can be directly measured

anything that varies and that is measurable

one variable determines the presence of the other

occur together when one changes the other changes

independent-influences the dependent variable or outcome it is the intervention or treatment hat is manipulated by the researcher

dependent- influenced by the independent variable is the variable or outcome that is influenced by the independent variable

confounding-variables factors that interfere with the relationship between the independent and dependent variable

• uses instruments to measure how much
• use numbers
• describe variables
• determine relationships among variables
• determine differences between variables 
• determine effect of one or more variables or outcome variable
• is there a relationship between?
• is there a difference in?
• what is the effect of?
• use randon sampling

• researcher
• defines concepts to be measured
• identifies outcome looking for dependent variable
• formulate hypothesis
• use deductive reasoning from general to specific

• use inductive reasoning
• uses words to describe what a particular concept means to those experiencing it
• asks questions (interviews) and observe to expand understanding (patient observation)
• what is the essence of ?
• what is the lived experience?
• what is the process of 

• researcher
• seeks broader definition of phenomenon
• does not hypothesis about the outcome
• outcome emerges as study progresses
• participants are the experts/researcher is the learner

recruitment of participants based on word of mouth or referrals from other participants

data collection stops  when no new information is being obtained and repetition of information is consistently heard

sampling method to recruit specific persons who could provide inside information is selected intentionally by volunteers who want to share their story

setting aside personal interpretations to avoid bias

• phenomenology
• grounded theory
• ethnography
• histrical

• lived exsperience
• describing the lived experience to achieve understanding of an experience from participants perspective

• process
• examines the process of a phenomenon and culminates in the generation of a theory

example: what is the process of recovery following breast cancet

• culture 
• qualitative research that describes a culture

• the past
• examining events or people to explain and understand the past to guide the present and future

nonexperimental-lacks manipulation of the independent variable and random assignment

correlational-nonexsperimental designs used to study relationships beween 2 or more variable

quasiexperimental-involving the manipulation of the independent variable but lacking either random assignment to groups or a control group

experimental- involving random assignment to groups and manipulation of the independent variable

quality authenticity and truthfulness of findings from qualitative research

• truth of believability of findings of qualitative studies
• ex: peer debriefing
•       member checks
•       audit trials
•      thick descriptions

whether findings from one qualitative study can be transferred to a similar context to establish trustworthiness

consistency of the findings over time showing qualitative studies to be trustworthy

objectiveness and maintenance of adult trials to document the research process to show study trustworthiness

refers to the degree an instrument measures what it is suppose to measure a valid instrument reflects the characteristics or concept that is being measured

established when researchers know that the instrument measures the concept intended to measure, this requires the researchers clearly define the concept being studied to ensure that the selected instrument fits

face validity-involve letting others examine the instruments asking colleagues or subjects to indicate whether the instrument appears to measure the concept

content validity-exsperts on the topics are asked to judge each item on an instrument by assigning a rating to determine its fits with the concepts being measured