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Immunology
the study of host defense mechanisms
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Immunity
the ability of the host to protect itself against foreign organisms
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The immune system comprises the tissues,
cells & molecules which mount the ______ ______
immune response
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Animals have various means of defense against _______
pathogens
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Defense systems are based on the recognition of _____ vs _____ molecules
self vs nonself (foreign)
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Lymphoid tissues
- thymus
- bone marrow
- spleen
- lymph nodes
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Most of blood is ______ which 91% _____, 7% ____ _____ and 2% nutrients hormones and elctrolytes
- plasma
- water
- blood proteins (globulin, fibrinogen, albumin)
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The other lesser two components of blood are ____ _____ and ____ ____ ____ (larger portion)
- buffy coat
- red blood cells
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____ ____ carry red blood cells . ___ ___ cells are found in lymph and _____ have clotting function and are found in lymph
- Blood plasma
- white blood cells
- platelets
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Lymph is fluid derived from ____ and other tissue that accumulates in _______ space
throughout the body
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Lymph vessels join and eventually form the ______ duct, which joins the ______ system at a major vein near the
heart.
- thoracic duct
- circulatory system
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Lymph nodes are small round structures at many sites along the lymph vessels. Lymph nodes contain _____ a type of white blood cell. As lymph passes through the nodes, _______ initiates an immune response if _____ cells or molecules are detected
- Lymphocytes
- lymphocytes
- foreign
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Red and white blood cells originate from _____ ____ cells (constantly dividing; able to differentiate) in the _____ ______.
- multipotent stem cells
- bone marrow
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Two major families of white blood cells aka ______
leukocytes
phagocytes & smaller lymphocytes
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From the bone marrow we get _____ ______ cells which give us ______ progenitor cells or ______ progenitor cells
- multipotent hematopoietic cells
- myeloid progenitor cells
- lymphoid progenitor cells
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Myeloid progenitor cells can give us (6)
- neutrophils
- mast cells
- macrophages
- dendritic cells
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neutrophils
mast cells
stimulate inflammation
release histamine when damaged
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macrophages
dendritic cells
phagocytose microorganisms, activate T cells (present extracellular fragment wherever they are)
phagocytose antigens and present to T cells at the lymph nodes
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Lymphoid progenitor cells
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
- Natural killer cells
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B lymphocytes
differentiate to form antibody-producing cells and memory cells
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T lymphocytes
kill virus infected cells; regulate activities of other white blood cells
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Natural killer cells
- attack and lyse virus infected or cancerous body cells (self) and initiate apoptosis.
- cells are marked for death via antibodies
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Explain the two types of defense mechanisms
nonspecific defense: innate and rapid
specific defense (adaptive): target specific pathogens, slow to develop and long lasting (antibodies)
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Non specific defense is the 1st line of defense. state 5 examples
- o Barriers (skin, mucous membranes)
- o Molecules that are toxic to invaders
- o (tears, saliva)
- o Stomach acid
- o Phagocytic cells (macrophages)
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The specific immune system's 4 key traits
- Specificity
- Ability to distinguish self from nonself
- Diversity—response to a wide variety of
- nonself molecules
- Memory (flu vaccine example)
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Two types of specific immunity responses
- Humoral Immune Response (B cells)
- Cellular Immune Response (T cells)
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Agglutination
the clumping of particles
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Autoimmunity
clones of B and T cells are produced that are directed against self antigens
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2 possible hypotheses for autoimmunity
Failure of clonal deletion & molecular mimicry
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molecular mimicry
self has antigens that resemble nonself and are recognized by T cells
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Two diseases that are the result of immune system malfunctioning
- hashimoto's thyroiditis
- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
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hashimoto's thyroiditis
immune cells attack thyroid tissue
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insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (3)
- Occurs most often in children
- Caused by an immune reaction against proteins in the pancreatic cells that make insulin
- Insulin-producing cells are destroyed and insulin must be taken daily
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