Sensory System

Sensory cells transduce _____ and ______ stimuli into neuronal signals. Sensory transduction begins with a _____ _____ that can detect a specific stimulus. The receptor protein opens or closes ion channels in the membrane, changing the _____ ______

Two types of sensory receptor proteins are ______ & ______

ionotorpic:
metabotropic:

3 examples of ionotropic
2 examples of metabotropic

Receptor potential

2 ways a receptor potential can generate an action potential

Intensity of a sensation is coded as the frequency of _____ _____. Some sensory cells transmit info to the brain about internal conditions w/out ______ sensation

Different messages from different sensory neurons are perceived according to what ____ ____ they are connected. Neuronal activity in the _____ _____ is perceived as sound. Even blind subjects report seeing light if their ____ ____ is stimulated DIRECTLY

Adaptation

_______ allows animals to ignore background but remain sensitive to changing or new stimuli. Name a sensory cell that doesnt display this phenomena

List the 4 classifications of receptors by the stimulus detected

Chemoreceptors

also state what they monitor

mechanoreceptors respond to ______ forces

state 5 such forces

thermoreceptors respond to _____ changes, chemoreceptors respond to _____ in solution, photoreceptors respond to ____ and are located in the _____, nociceptors respond to _____ stimuli that result in ______

Olfaction is the sense of ______ and depends on _______ (type of receptor)

Olfactory sensors are embedded in ______ tissue at the top of the _____ cavity (in vertebrates)

Axons extend to the olfactory bulb in the brain,  _____ end in olfactory hairs on the _____ epithelium

An odorant is a molecule that activates an ______ ______ _____. Odorants bind to receptor proteins on the _____ ____.

Middle ear is an ____ filled cavity. It is open to the throat via the ______ tube which equilibrates air pressure between _____ ___ & the ______

Name the ossicles. 
They transmit vibrations of ____ _____ to the ____ ____

Movement of oval window is translated into ____ changes in the fluid filled ____ ___

Inner ear has two sets of canals, the _______ system for _____ and the _____ for _____

The cochlea is a tapered and coiled chamber composed of three parallel canals separated by _______ membrane and the ______ membrane

The organ of corti sits on the ______ membrane. It transduces pressure waves into _____ _____

The organ of corti contains hair cells w/ _______ and their tips are embedded in the ______ membrane. The hair cells bend and create a ______ potential that can alter _______ release

Upper and lower canals of the _____ are joined distally.

round window

Pressure waves can travel all the way around to reach the _____ window or take a shortcut across the _____ membrane

conduction deafness

nerve deafness

_____ cells in the organ of corti can be damaged by loud sounds. This damage is ______ and ______

hair cells

Hair cells have _____ called stereocilia. Bending of ______ opens or closes ion channels

All animals that display photosensitivity use the same pigments called _______

Photoreceptor cells are _______ ______ cells that transform light into ______ _____

Rod cells (3)

In rod cells, there is: the outer segment w/ discs of ____ ______containing ______ to capture photons. An inner segment that contains the _____ & _____. A synaptic terminal where the ____ cell communicates w/ other neurons

Rhodposin molecules consist of _____ (a protein) and a light absorbing group ________. Rhodopsin sits in teh plasma membrane of a _______ cell

When 11-cis-retinal absorbs photons of light it transforms into __________ and that changes the conformation of _____.

Rod cell is a type of vertebrate _______, a _____ _____ that doesn't produce ____ _____

Rod cells release _______ from their bases where they synapse w/ an adjacent _____. Outer segment is a stack of plasma membrane discs packed with _______

The retina has five layers of neurons that receive info before sending it to the brain. Axons from ______ cells at the front of the _____ form the _____ nerve and send input to the _____. Neurons between the ______ cells and the _________ process info.

Photoreceptor cells are connected to gang cells via _____ cells. Changes in photoreceptor membrane potential in response to light alters their ________ release onto _____ cells

Rate of photoreceptor neurotransmitter release affects rate of release from _____ cells onto _____ cells. This determines rate of action potentials from ganglion cells to the _____.