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Every time we hold a memory, the synapses that hold that memory becomes _____ and _____ a little differently
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While the synapses are labile (__hr period), drugs can be introduced that can erase that memory. After the ___hr period they become fixed, this is called _____ ____ ____
- 24hr
- 24hr
- selective memory erasing
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The selective memory erasing drugs can be useful for PTSD patients if they restrict its application to the ______
amygdala
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Our ability to locate _____ sensation is greater than our ability to locate _____ sensation
- somatic sensation
- visceral sensation (more delocalized)
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________ response is colloquially referred to as the rest and digest response while the ________ response is referred to as the fight or flight response
- parasympathetic
- sympathetic
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Parasympathetic neurons are activated in the _____ and _____ region while sympathetic neurons are activated in the ______ and ______ region
- brainstem & sacral
- thoracic & lumbar
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All preganglionic motor neurons release ____, whether they are sympathetic or parasympathetic
Ach
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Dendrites of postganglionic neurons have _______ receptors
nicotinic
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Dendrites of postgang neurons having nicotinic receptors means? 3 step ministory
- Ach will bind
- the ion channel will open
- Na+ will come in
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If it is a sympathetic neuron, the terminal of the postgang neuron would release _______
norepinephrine
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Autonomic motor neuron story:
Sympathetic response (going for a run) 7
- Brain would have its preganglionic neuron on the lateral horn of the thoracic or lumbar region of the spinal cord
- Brain sends descending pathways to its dendrites and spatial and temporal summations that will cause a preganglionic neuron (*most are myelinated) to fire an action potential
- Preganglionic neuron would fire an action potential & release ACh which will all then travel to what we call an autonomic ganglion specifically a sympathetic ganglion
- The sympathetic ganglion will then activate the postganglionic neuron (*unmyelinated) by releasing ACh to the postgang's nicotinic receptors
- The postganglionic neuron will then fire action potential and release norepinephrine
- The norepinephrine will activate the effectors (muscles and glands) by acting on their noradrenergic receptors (G-protien cpld)
- So, for example, it would use Gs signaling to speed up the heart rate
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Autonomic motor neuron story:
Parasympathetic response (chillini & knockin back brews on the beach) 8
- Brain would have its preganglionic neuron on the brainstem and the sacral region of spinal cord
- Brain sends descending pathways to its dendrites and spatial and temporal summations that will cause a preganglionic neuron (*most are myelinated) to fire an action potential
- Preganglionic neuron would fire an action potential and release ACh which will all travel to an autonomic ganglion specifically a parasympathetic ganglion
- The parasympathetic ganglion will then activate the postganglionic neuron (*unmyelinated) by releasing ACh to the postgang's nicotinic receptors
- The postganglionic neuron will then fire action potential and release ACh
- ACh will go to the effector organs (muscles and glands)
- The effector organ's receptors would be muscarinic (g-protein cpld)
- So, for example, it would use Gi signaling to slow down the heart rate
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Methamphetamine is a stimulant so it would activate a ______ response
sympathetic
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_____ _____ are blocking noradrenergic receptors which will tilt processing away from sympathetic response toward _______ response. For example slowing down the heart rate
- beta blockers
- parasympathetic
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Autonomic motor neuron story:
Really strong sympathetic response story
(Bear attack) (cheat sheet for amn stories on pg 18)
- Stronger sympathetic stimuli will trigger more potent cascade than otherwise
- The preganglionic neuron will release ACh and fire action potentials, all of this will skip the sympathetic trunk ganglion and go straight to the adrenal gland
- Adrenal gland's medulla will receive and release Ach to "honorary postgang cells" chromaffin cells NOT the same as the usual postgang cells
- Chromaffin cells (adrenal medulla cells) have nicotinic receptors so they receive the Ach, then depolarize and release norep. & ep.
- The norep. & and ep. are released to a capillary system and that is released to the blood stream/goes everywhere and that is what we recognize as an adrenaline rush
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Skeletal muscles have _____ receptors for ______
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Nerve:
Tract:
a bundle of axons that carry info in the PNS
a bundle of axons that carry info in the CNS
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Telencephalon becomes the _______, the diencephalon becomes _____, _____, & _____ and the mesencephalon becomes _____
- Cerebral cortex (cerebrum)
- thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
- midbrain
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Which thalmic nuclei are the 1st step on the pathway for sensory inputs for example if we pinched ourselves? After that the input will head to the ______
- ventral postero-lateral
- cortex
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The spinal cord's _____ matter has myelinated axons while its ______ matter does not
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Gray matter has (3)
- interneurons
- cell bodies
- dendrites
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All sensory neurons are found _____ except ______
- outside the CNS
- except for hypothalmic neurons
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All sensory neurons release ______, while all motor neurons release _______.
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Spinal cord mini story:
Motor pathway (3)
- Brain thinks something and needs to send it down tracts
- Info will eventually make its way to a somatic motor neuron (in the ventral horn) which will fire an action potential
- Action potential will leave as a nerve and we will get a contraction
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Spinal cord mini story:
Sensory pathway (4)
- If we pinch ourselves it will move up the unipolar (pseudounipolar neurons) to the dorsal root ganglion
- Dorsal root gang will release glutamate to a sensory interneuron
- Sensory interneuron (now activated) will run through a tract that goes to the brain
- The brain interprets the pinch as a squeezing sensation
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Spinal cord ministory: (NEEDS FURTHER WORK)
Knee jerk reflex (4)
- We have sensory neurons that can detect the stretch of muscles
- Sensory neurons fire action potential
- Dorsal root ganglion releases glutamate to a sensory interneuron & motor neuron (inhibitory spinal interneuron)
- Motor neuron releases ACh and muscle contraction ensues (front muscle of leg extends while the back muscles shorten)
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Midbrain is involved in visual reflexes in the ______ colliculus & auditory reflexes in the ______ colliculus
- superior colliculus
- inferior colliculus
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Midbrain uses ______ ______ to control our level of arousal (awareness of stimuli around us, sleep/not paying attention vs awake/ paying attention)
reticular formation
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Name the receptors for glutamate
Are they ionotropic or g-protein coupled
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Glutamate release will cause ____ and if they summate, we will have an action potential
EPSPs
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Inhibitory interneurons release ____ & _____.
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Glycine is g-protein coupled making it ________
metabotropic
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Working memory (short term memory) is stored and converted into long term memory in the _______. It is then transferred from the ______ to the _____
- hippocampus
- hippocampus
- cortex
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The site of all fear memories is the ______. What structures feed into it? (2)
- amygdala
- thalamus & cortex
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The output of the amygdala would be the ____
ANS
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Patient SM's amygdala ______ ______ and became inactive so all the neurons in it were dead. She was only capable of experiencing fear intellectually.
calcified bilaterally
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Corpus callosum is _____ matter & its axons track from one hemisphere of the brain to another. Those _______ tracts are basically the only way one side of the brain can _______ with the other
- white
- commissural
- communicate
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Why is basal ganglia a misnomer?
they are a collection of cell bodies in the CNS should be called basal nuclei
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Basal ganglia:
State their job
State the 3 parts that make it up
Name a disease that rises from their damage
- Smooth coordinated movements
- caudate, globus pallidus & putamen
- Parkinson's disease
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Why could patient HM & SM continue to develop their motor skills and muscle memory?
Their cerebellum was still intact, that is where we do motor skill/ motor memory
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The only sense that doesn't go to the thalamus is _____. It goes straight to the _____.
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Name 4 structures that play a role in movement
- cerebellum
- lower motor neurons
- primary motor cortex
- basal ganglia
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_____ & _____ input into the primary motor cortex. _______ is in charge of the endocrine system
- Cerebellum & basal ganglia
- Hypothalamus
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Name 4 endocrine nuclei to know in the hypothalamus:
- paraventricular arcuate
- anterior & posterior hypothalmic nuclei (thermosensation)
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Temporal lobe has to do with _____ & forming ______. Frontal lobe has to do with ______ & ______ _____. Primary motor cortex does ALL ______ motion. Slide 62 is a map of what gets the most cortex
- hearing & forming sounds
- personality & working memory
- voluntary motion
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Why is the parietal lobe thought of as sensory?
contains somatosensory cortex
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The act of hearing words would be in the ______ cortex of the _____ lobe. The act of reading would start in the _____ ____ cortex of the _____ lobe.
- auditory cortex of the temporal lobe
- primary visual cortex of the occipital lobe
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Wernicke's area is responsible for ordering _____ in a sensible and coherent manner. The actual motor portion of speech like moving lips etc is done by?
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