Adult Psychopath Midterm 1

a group or set of concurrent symptoms, which, together, are indicative of a disorder or disease

any sign, physical or mental, that stands for or signifies something

observable phenomena which may signify something

no, but some symptoms appear in multiple disorders and/or strongly suggest a certain disorder

• define and organize clinical information
• communicate with other professionals 
• prediction of clinical course
• selection of treatment (most important)

• odd or judgmental language
• depersonalization 
• cultural bias
• variable symptom manifestation

• Etic:  assumes/emphasizes universals among humans without considering cultural or gender contexts 
• Emic:  Classifies psychological phenomena in appropriate cultural context

• reality testing
• judgment
• sense of reality of the world and self
• regulation and control drives (impulse control)
• thought process (cognition)
• Adaptive regression in the service of the Ego
• Defense functioning
• Stimulus barriers
• autonomous functioning
• synthetic functioning
• Mastery competence
• object relations

• testing the accuracy of perceptions 
• can be seriously flawed in psychotic states

• ability to anticipate consequences for behavior 
• judge appropriateness of behavior in a given situation
• lacking in teens and people with substance abuse

• extent to which external events are expressed as real or familiar and belonging to you
• common in cases of trauma

• strongly linked to judgment 
• urge --> action = inappropriate
• urge --> thought --> action = appropriate

• how the machine (our brain) is working
• memory, concentration, paying attention, concrete and/or abstract thinking

• a person's capacity to play or have humor 
• to not take things too serious

• the success or failure of the defenses 
• when defenses fail, we can look for more psychological problems 
• maladaptive defenses can affect behavior (denial with drinking)

how various barriers to sensory stimuli work

• how free the machine (the brain) is from the effects of conflicts
• going through a divorce but can still focus at work

psychological capacity to handle conflicts in relationships

• actual competence vs. perceived competence
• ability to cope with the unforeseen or unexpected

• the kind and degree of relatedness to other people
• how mature that relatedness is 
• recognize people as independent entities 
• maintain object-constancy
• how well a person can handle frustration and anxiety in a relationship

• larger concept than diagnosis
• should be accurate and comprehensive 
• complex process
• involves progressive decision making 
• involves considerable subjectivity 
• should include dispositional and environmental factors

• intellectual/neuropsychological 
• personal inventories
• projective tests
• self-report/self-monitoring

• any encounter in which language is used to gather information about a client 
• less structured
• good for rapport building

• ascertain the presence/absence of diagnostic criteria in the process of developing a diagnosis 
• more structured
• increased reliability and validity

the best is to use both styles

• biological:aspects of a disease that and the effects on a person's biological functioning
• genetics
• physical conditions
• medications/drugs/alcohol
• age and gender appropriate

• identification of psychological themes 
• predisposing psychological vulnerabilities 
• connecting vulnerabilities to the presenting problem 
• thoughts and feelings about the problem 
• coping strategies (adative/maladaptive)
• use of theory to organize and conceptualize
• basically looking for the psychological blueprints and themes to a persons life 
• both verbals and nonverbals

• family
• friends
• education
• work
• housing, income, SES, legal issues
• social environment 
• exposure to war or disaster

• Method of organizing and evaluating important clinical observations in the here and now 
• focuses on cognitive process
• use when there is a history of head injury, dementia, drug and alcohol use

• Appearance/presentation
• behavior
• speech
• affect/mood (affect = observed, mood = reported)
• thought process (is one thought leading to another)
• thought content (what is coming out of the person's brain)
• cognition (oriented x4 = person, place, time, situation)

• evaluating strengths/weaknesses
• track response to treatment
• document change
• provide clinician with feedback

• individualized -- usually less formal
• unstandardized -- looks at progress against a certain treatment plan
• standardized -- based on some type of norm

• self-report measure with three dimensions -- depression, anxiety, and stress/tension
• Useful for targeting GAD

• for people 14 years and older
• normed on various adults from Australia
• comes in a long and short form
• provided in different languages
• does not give a diagnosis
• some DSM depression requirements are missing

• evaluate a broad range of psychological problems and symptoms
• monitor client progress, treatment outcomes

• standardized test
• reflects clients feelings at that time
• for 13+ years of age
• normed on adult non-patients, adult psychiatric outpatients, adult psychiatric inpatients, and adolescent non-psychiatric patients
• given in English and Spanish

• overall psychological distress
• best single indicator of the current level or depth of distress 
• go to score for summary

• reflects a person's response style
• overall symptom intensity
• shows if people tend to exaggerate or downplay symptoms

• the number of self-reported symptoms
• the breadth of symptoms

the extent to which a person is physically manifesting symptoms

stress of obsessive thoughts or impulses and unwanted behaviors

• inadequacy compared to others
• self-doubt

• thoughts and feeling related to anger
• aggression, irritability, rage reactions, and resentment

• persistent fear that is out of proportion 
• maladaptive avoidance behavior

• disordered modes of thinking 
• suspicion
• centrality 
• grandiosity
• externalized blame

• psychosis
• schizophrenia
• isolation
• social withdrawal
• schizoid lifestyle 
• on a continuum

• depression symptoms
• cognitive distortions
• suicidality

• general anxiety
• panic
• associated with GAD

• periodic retesting can help modify therapy to client's evolving needs
• retesting can graphically demonstrate clients progress
• post-therapy testing can be used as an efficacy indicator
• objective indications of change in the record can facilitate billing

• increased neurobiological emphasis
• abandonment of scientific evidence for clinical utility 
• reduce the use of NOS

• younger to older
• diagnosis that are related are next to each other
• compatible with ICD-10
• Section 1 -- intro and updated infro
• section 2 -- categorical listing of diagnoses
• section 3 -- other information (emerging measures and models, further research, etc...)

the conditioned that deemed to be chiefly responsible for the person seeking treatment

used when client is one symptom short of a diagnosis

medical diagnosis + ICD code + Name + appropriate specifiers

• delirium 
• major neurocognitive disorders
• mild neurocognitive disorders

• disturbance in attention/awareness
• rapid onset/fluctuation
• additional disturbance in cognition
• direct consequence of substance use/withdrawal or general medication

• substance intoxication and/or withdrawal 
• medication-induced
• due to another medical condition
• due to multiple etiologies
• unspecified

no, you have to bring the cause of the delirium into the diagnosis

• complex attention
• executive function
• learning and memory
• language
• perceptual-motor
• social cognition

• ability to direct, focus, sustain, and shift attention
• speed of mental processing
• asses by performing mental calculations

• ability to plan, organize, make decisions
• complete tasks following interuptions

• immediate, short-term, recent, long-term
• ability to learn, store, and retain information

expressive and receptive language abilities

• visual perception
• ability to translate idea into action

• ability to recognize emotions
• consider another person's mental state

• decline of at lease 1 of 6 domains that must be quantifiably assessed
• must interfere with life
• problems occur outside of delirium
• specify etiological factor
• specify additional medical condition
• with or without behavioral disturbance 
• severity (mild, moderate, severe)
• coding note -- probable vs. possible

• probable -- when there is real evidence of a medical condition (Alzheimer's)
• possible -- when there is no evidence of a medical condition, but still evidence of domain impairment

• modest cognitive decline in one or more domain
• modest impairment in cognitive performance
• deficits do not interfere with capacity for indepence
• deficits do not occur exclusively in the contect of delirium
• deficits not explained by another mental disorder

symptoms characteristic of a neurocognitive disorder (significant distress in social, occupational, etc...), but do not meet the full criteria for any of the disorders in the category

• depression (largest group)
• thyroid disorders
• vitamin B12 deficiency
• brain tumors
• subdural hemotoma 
• infectious disease
• complications of polypharmacy

• impact to the head/displacement of brain within the skull
• loss of ocnsciousness
• posttraumatic amnesia
• disorientation/confusion
• neurological signs

• complex attention
• executive function
• learning and memory
• slowness in information processing 
• disturbances in social cognition

• disturbances in emotional function (irritability, anxiety, affective instability, ect...)
• personality changes (disinhibition, apathy, suspicion, etc...)
• physical disturbances (headaches, fatigue, sleep disorders, dizziness, etc...)

• slow, insidious onset -- gradual decline
• 80% of people with NCD's due to Alzheimer's can have behavioral and psychological symptoms

• simple words and short sentences
• minimize distractions and noise
• make eye contact and use name 
• allow time to respond 
• set realistic goals
• develop routines 
• concept of least resitrctive environment (help them be independent as possible)

• denial
• anger
• social withdrawal
• anxiety
• depression
• exhaustion
• sleeplessness
• etc...