Psych Intelligence Thinking and Language

a system for communicating with others using signals that are combined according to rules of grammar and convey meaning

a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages

the smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as a speech rather than as random noise

a set of rules that indicate how phonemes can be combined to produce speech sounds

the smallest meaningful units of language

a set of rules that indicate how morphemes can be combined to form words

a set rules that indicates how words can be combined to form phrases and sentences

the meaning of a sentence

how a sentence is worded

the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure

speech that is devoid of function morphemes and consists mostly of content words

language development is best explained as an innate, biological capacity

a syndrome characterized by an inability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence

difficulty in producing or comprehending language

an example that embodies the most common and typical features of the concept

compare a new subject to all other personal encounters similar to that object

a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category

the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen

the proposal that our minds evolved to notice how frequently things occur, not how likely they are to occur

items that are more readily available in memory are judged as having occurred more frequently

the belief that the probability of 2 events occurring together is greater than the probability of either event occurring by itself

tendency to assume that if an item is similar to members of a particular category, it is probably a member of that category itself

decisions are shaped by the language used to describe or frame a dillema

people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation

people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains

the ability to direct one's thinking, adapt to one's circumstances, and learn from one's experience

dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100

dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying by 100

spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability and skills that are specific to the task (s and g)

the ability to see abstract relationships and draw logical inferences

the ability to retain and use knowledge that was acquired through experience

the ability to reason about emotions and to use emotions to enhance reasoning

4-6 months

10 to 12 months

24 months-primitive sentences

4 to 5 yrs

children learn language through operant conditioning

Noam Chomsky, language is innate, we are hardwired to learn language, there's a period for learning language

combination of social interaction and innate ability

formal concepts that can clearly defined by a set of rules

casual or fuzzy concepts that do not have a precise set of properties.

roche

trial and error, algorithms, heuristics, insight

solution just appears to you

failure to use familiar objects in novel ways

continuing to use that same old method even though another approach might be better

Luchin's water jug

tendency to look only for evidence that will verify our beliefs

we hold on to an earlier belief even if that belief was proven wrong, cling to our discredited beliefs

data about the frequency or probability of a given event/item how rare or common it is

the tendency to use one stimulus as an anchor or reference point in judging a second stimulus

problem solving-heuristics

intelligence is fixed

intelligence is variable, changeable

• charles spearman-2 factor theory
• raymond cattell-2 types of g (crystallized and fluid)

• Louis thurstone-human intelligence consists of seven factors
• Howard Gardner- multiple intelligence(8)
• Sternberg- triarchic theory

3 kinds of intelligence: componential or analytic intelligence( academic performance), experimental or creative(transfer skills from one situation to another), contexual or practical intelligence(skills for a particular situation)

William Stern

the extent to which a given test assess what it is supposed to measure

the dependability or consistency of a measurement instrument

50%

significant gains in IQ over time; seen in industrialized countries