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Anatomy
science of body structures and relationships
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Physiology
science of body functions
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6 levels of organization (smallest to biggest)
chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organismal
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chemical level
includes atoms and molecules
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Molecules
two or more atoms joined together (ie: DNA, glucose)
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Atoms
smallest unit of matter (ie: carbon, oxygen)
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cellular level
molecules combine to form cells (ie: muscle, nerve, epithelial, RBC)
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cells
basic structural and functional unit of an organism
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tissue level
group of cells and materials surrounding them
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4 types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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Where are all four tissues found
small intestines
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organ level
tissues are joined to form organs
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Organ
structures composed of 2 or more different types of tissue
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Types of organs in urinary system
kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
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system level
consists of related organs with common function (ie: digestive system: breaks down and absorbs food, includes organs such as mouth, stomach, etc.)
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Metabolism
sum of all chemical processes in the body
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catabolism
breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components
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anabolism
building up of complex chemical substances from more simpler components
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Homeostasis
condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment
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Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid within cells (ie: cytoplasm)
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Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
fluid outside cells
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Types of ECF
blood plasma (within blood vessels), lymph (within lymphatic vessels), synovial (in joints), aqueous humor and vitreous body (in eyes)
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cerebrospinal fluid
type of extracellular fluid that holds the brain and spinal chord
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Feedback system components and role
receptor - monitors change in controlled condition, sends input to the control center (ie: nerve ending of the skin in response to temp change), control center - evaluates input from receptors and generates output command (ie: nerve impulses, hormones - brain acts as control center receiving nerve impulses from skin temp receptors), effector - receives output from the control center, produces a response that changes the controlled condition (shivering to generate heat)
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Negative Feedback system
reverses a change in a controlled condition (ie: regulation of blood pressure)
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Positive Feedback system
strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions (ie: childbirth)
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positive feedback example - blood loss
when blood loss, blood pressure drops, cells receive less oxygen and function less, and if blood loss continues, heart becomes weaker and stops to pump at all
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negative feedback example - regulation of blood pressure
baroreceptors detect high BP, send nerve impulses (afferent or sensory) to brain to interpret, brain sends back nerve impulses (efferent) to heart and blood vessels, which drops BP and restores homeostasis.
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