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Vertebrate nervous systems
- brain
- spinal cord
- peripheral nerves (extend throughout the body)
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PNS
cranial & spinal nerves that connect the CNS to all tissues
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The peripheral nervous system breaks into what two divisions
- sensory (afferent) division
- motor (efferent) division
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Sensory division breaks into _______ sensory & ______ sensory
- somatic sensory
- visceral sensory
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General functions of the somatic sensory
- touch
- pain
- pressure
- vibration
- temperature
- proprioception (in skin, body wall, and limbs)
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Special functions of the somatic sensory
- hearing
- equilibrium
- vision
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General functions of the visceral sensory
- stretch
- pain
- temperature
- chemical changes
- irritation
- nausea & hunger
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Special functions of the visceral sensory
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Efferent division breaks into what two systems
- somatic nervous system
- autonomic nervous system (ANS)
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Somatic nervous system is responsible for
motor innervation of all skeletal muscles
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ANS is responsible for
- Motor innervation of:
- smooth muscle
- cardiac muscle
- glands
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ANS breaks into
sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions
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PNS is basically all _____ & ____ outside the CNS. None of it is encased in _____
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The main function of PNS is to connect _____ & ______ to the CNS
limbs & organs
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ANS is the output of the _____ that controls ______ functions
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ANS has two division that work in _____. One will ______ a function while the other _____ it.
- opposition
- increase
- decreaes
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_______ & ______ divisions are distinguished by anatomy, neurotransmitters and their actions
Sympathetic & parasympathetuc
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Autonomic efferent pathways begin with ______ ______ that use ACh and have cell bodies in the ______ or _____ ____
- cholinergic neurons
- brainstem or spinal cord
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The ______ ______ synapse on a 2nd neuron outside the CNS, in a collection of neurons called a _____
- preganglionic neurons
- ganglion
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The second neuron is ________, its axon leaves the ganglion and synapses in the target _____
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Postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are mostly _____
cholinergic
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Sympathetic postganglionic neurons are _______; use norepinephrine as their neurotransmitter
noradrenergic
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Target cells respond in opposite ways to _______ & _______. State an example
- ACTH & norepinephrine
- Pacemaker cells in the heart
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The ____ region contains preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic region
sacral
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The ______ & _____ regions contain sympathetic preganglionic neurons
thoracic & lumbar
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The sympathetic division is specialized to innervate the _______ response in the ______ gland
- fight or flight
- adrenal gland
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Preganglionic sympathetic neurons send axons to the ______ under extreme conditions, like a bear attack.
adrenal gland
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Hormone-secreting cells in the adrenal are actually _____ neurons. They secrete ______ that act as hormones into the circulation.
- modified neurons
- neurotransmitters
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Nerve
a bundle of axons that carries information
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The ______ part of the PNS carries sensory information to the CNS
afferent
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The ____ part of the PNS carries information from the CNS to muscles and glands
efferent
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3 characteristics of the spinal cord
- conducts information (motor or sensory) between brain and organs
- integrates info coming from PNS
- responds by issuing motor commands
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The anatomy of the spinal cord can be broken down into _____ & ____ matter
gray & white matter
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Gray matter
is in the center, and contains cell bodies of spinal neurons
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White matter
- surrounds gray matter and
- contains axons that conduct information up and down the spinal cord
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Spinal nerves extend from the _____ ____
spinal cord
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Name 4 parts of the brain the medulla oblongata uses to controls autonomic functions
- respiration center
- cardiac center
- vasomotor center
- reflex centers (vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing)
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5 functions of the pons
- sleep
- respiration
- swallowing
- bladder control
- posture
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4 functions of the midbrain
- vision
- hearing
- sleep/wake
- arousal
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2 functions of the cerebellum
- motor control
- motor learning
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What type of motor control does the cerebellum exert (4)
- fine motor control
- coordination
- precision
- timing
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Certain forms of ________ ______ involve the atrophy of the cerebellum
spinocerebellar ataxia
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3 feautures of spinocerebellar ataxia
- atrophy of the cerebellum
- Poor coordination of hands, speech, eye movements
- Unsteady and clumsy motion of the body
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_______ transfers short term memory to long term memory
hippocampus
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_______ is critical for fear and fear memory
The amygdala
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The _____ _____ are gray matter centers that surround the thalamus on both sides of the brain
basal nuclei
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The basal nuclei moderate _______ movements directed by _____ _____ in the cerebrum
- voluntary movements
- motor centers
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Damage to basal nuclei can affect the planning and fine-tuning of the _____ _____. State an example
- body movements
- ex: parkinson's disease
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Where do we find basal ganglia?
deep within the cerebral white matter
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The three parts of the basal ganglia
- caudate nucleus
- putamen
- globus pallidus
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Basal ganglia are basically complex _____ _____. They cooperate with the _____ ______ in controlling movement
- complex neural calculators
- cerebral cortex
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Basal ganglia receive input from many ______ areas.
cortical
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_______ ______ influences basal ganglia
Substantia nigra
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The diencephalon forms the ______ _____ of the ______. It is surrounded by the _______ _______. It borders the _____ ventricle and is primarily composed of ______ _____.
- center core of the forebrain
- cerebral hemispheres
- third ventricle
- gray matter
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The structures that make up the diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
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4 structures that make up thalamic nuclei:
- Medial geniculate body (auditory cortex)
- Lateral geniculate body (visual cortex)
- Pulvinar nucleus (association cortex)
- Ventral postero-lateral nucleus (somatosensory cortex)
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The hypothalamus lies between the ____ ____ and the ______ _____
optic chiasm & mammillary bodies
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______ gland projects inferiorly from the hypothalamus
pituitary gland
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The hypothalamus contains approximately how many nuclei
a dozen
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The hypothalamus is the main ____ ____ center of the body aka?
- visceral control center
- aka the master gland's master
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_________ _______ projects to the posterior pituitary releasing oxytocin and ADH
paraventricular nucleus
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The nuclei of the hypothalamus that project toward the anterior pituitary release ______ _______ hormone and _____ _____ hormone.
- thyrotropin releasing hormone
- corticotropin releasing hormone
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The cerebrum is the dominant structure in ________.
mammals
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Cerebral cortex
a sheet of gray matter covering each hemisphere that is convoluted to fit into the skull.
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2 prominent features of the cerebral cortex
- gyri (gyrus): ridges of the cortex
- sulci (sulcus): valleys of the cortex
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The association cortex is part of the _____ cortex. Association cortex is made up of areas that integrate or associate ______ information or _______.
- cerebral cortex
- sensory information
- memories
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State the 4 cortical lobes of the cerebral cortex
- temporal
- frontal
- parietal
- occipital
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The temporal lobe receives and processes _____ information
auditory information
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In the frontal lobe, you will find the _____ sulcus, which divides the _____ & _____ lobes
- central sulcus
- frontal & parietal lobes
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8 functions associated with the frontal lobe
- reasoning
- planning
- parts of speech
- movement
- emotions
- problem solving
- working memory
- personality
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The primary motor cortex is located in front of the _____ _____ and controls ______ in specific body areas
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6 functions associated with the parietal lobe
- movement
- orientation
- recognition
- perception of stimuli
- spatial abilities
- integration of sensory information
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The occipital lobe receives and process _____ information
visual information
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The association areas of the occipital lobes involve making sense of the _____ world & translating _____ experience into _____.
- visual world
- visual experience
- language
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Broca's area
in frontal lobe; damage results in slow or lost speech; still can read and understand language
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Wrenicke's area (location/ definition)
Located in the temporal lobe. Damage results in inability to speak sensibly; written or spoken language not understood. Still can produce speech
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Speech commands are formulated in _______ area, travel to ______ area, and then to the ______ _____ cortex for production
- Wernicke's area
- Broca's area
- primary motor cortex
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