-
The electrical potential is mediated by _______and ______ ions passing in and out through the cell membrane
-
Nerve tissue is derived from the _______ in the embryo
neuroectoderm
-
What are the parts of a neuron
a neural cell body and two types of neural cytoplasmic processes
-
The neural cell body provides ________ for the entire neuron and is not involved in the process of _______
- the metabolic support
- impulse transmission
-
The neuron is also not capable of undergoing
mitosis
-
ganglia are surrounded by
connective tissue
-
What is an axon
a long, thin, singular process that conducts impulses away from the cell body
-
axon is encased in its own cell membrane or covered by a
myelin sheath
-
What is the function of the myelin sheath
increases the speed of conduction and aid in regeneration of damaged nerves
-
The outer layer of the myelin sheath is the
Schwann cell
-
What are the nodes of Ranvier
they form a gap between adjacent Schwann cells
-
What is the function of the dendrites
receive and conduct nerve impulses toward the cell body
-
What is a nerve
a bundle of neural processes outside the CNS
-
What is a synapse
the junction between two neurons or between a neuron and an organ
-
The afferent or sensory nerve, carries information
from the periphery of the body to the brain or spinal cord
-
The efferent, or motor nerve, carries information
away from the brain to the periphery of the body
-
What are the two subdivisions of the peripheral nervous system
somatic and autonomic nervous system
-
Autonomic nerves are only what kind of nerves
efferent nerves
-
Autonomic nerves are always in
2-neuron chains
-
What are the two subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system
the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system
-
the stimulation of salivary gland secretion involves what system
parasympathetic nervous system
-
the shutdown of the salivary gland secretion involves what system
The sympathetic nervous system
-
most muscles are derived from
somites
-
What are the three types of muscle tissue
skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle
-
Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle are considered what kind of muscles
involuntary
-
What are some characteristics of skeletal muscles
- Peripheral nuclei
- Striations
- No branching
- Voluntary
-
Skeletal muscles are also called
striated muscles
-
Muscle-->_______---->______---->______----->______
- fascicles
- myofibers
- myofibrils
- myofilaments
-
What are some characteristics of smooth muscle
- Central nuclei
- No striations
- No branching
- Meshwork appearance
- Involuntary
-
Where is smooth muscle located
organs, glands and the linings of blood vessels
-
The shape of smooth muscles can be described as
tapered and spindle shaped
-
What are some characteristics of cardiac muscles
- Central nuclei
- Striations
- Branching
- Involuntary
-
cardiac muscle fibers are
short and branch
-
What are the classifications of connective tissues
-
What is soft connective tissue
those tissues found in the deeper layers of skin and oral mucosa such as connective tissue proper
-
What is firm connective tissue
different types of cartilage
-
What is rigid connective tissue
bone
-
What is fluid connective tissue
blood with all its components and lymph fluid
-
Connective tissue is derived from the ______ during prenatal development
somites
-
Compared with epithelium, connective tissue is usually composed of ____cells, spaced farther apart and with _____amounts of matrix between the cells
-
Most of connective tissue is renewable because
its cells are capable of mitosis.
-
What are the various functions of connective tissue
support, storing, transporting, repairing and defense
-
T or F Connective tissue are vascularized
True
-
The most common cell in all kinds of connective tissue is the
fibroblast
-
Young fibroblasts that are actively engaged in the production of fibers and intercellular substance appear to have a
large amount of cytoplasm, mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum
-
_________ are the main fiber type found in the human body
Collagen fibers
-
all connective tissues except for _____ contain some collagen fibers
blood
-
Each collagen fiber is composed of many smaller subunits or ______ which are then composed of _______
-
The most common type of collagen protein is
Type I collagen
-
Cells responsible for synthesis of Type I collagen include
fibroblasts, osteoblasts (which make bone) and odontoblasts (which make dentin).
-
________are found more in embryonic tissues and so are rarely found in the body
Reticular fibers
-
Soft connective tissue can be classified as either
loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue or specialized connective tissue
-
connective tissue proper contains what two layers
loose and dense connective tissues
-
The connective tissue proper is found
underneath the epithelium and basement membrane in the deeper layers of both the skin and oral mucosa
-
The connective tissue proper in the skin is termed the
dermis
-
What does the hypodermis consist of
loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, glandular tissue and large blood vessels and nerves
-
In the oral mucosa, the connective tissue proper is called the ________ and the deeper connective tissue is called the _______
-
What two layers are missing in the oral cavity
DERMIS and HYPODERMIS
-
The superficial layer of the dermis of the skin and lamina propria of the oral mucosa is composed of
loose connective tissue
-
In the dermis and the lamina propria, this layer of loose connective tissue is also called the
papillary layer
-
Tissue renewal of the connective tissue proper in skin and oral mucosa occurs as a result of the
production of fibers and intercellular substance by fibroblasts
-
When a tissue is injured what is what is produced by the fibroblasts and white blood cells underneath the clot and newly forming epithelium
immature connective tissue
-
immature connective tissue is called _________ and has ____ fibers and ______ blood vessels
- granulation tissue
- few
- a lot of
-
Later during the repair process granulation tissue is replaced by ________ which contains an increased amount of _____ and fewer ________
- scar tissue
- fibers
- blood vessels
-
Specialized connective tissue includes
adipose, elastic and reticular tissue
-
Unlike most connective tissue adipose connective tissue has cells
packed tightly together with little or no matrix
-
describe reticular connective tissue
a delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers forming a supportive framework
-
________ is a firm, _________ connective tissue that serves as a skeletal tissue in the body
-
Cartilage, unlike most connective tissue is
avascular
-
The connective tissue surrounding most cartilage is the
perichondrium
-
Cartilage is composed of
cells and matrix
-
What are the two types of cells found in cartilage
chondroblasts and chondrocytes
-
What are chondrocytes
mature chondroblasts
-
After the production of cartilage, the chondrocyte becomes
surrounded and enclosed by the cartilage
-
Small space surrounding the chondrocyte
lacuna
-
What are the three different types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
-
_______ is the most common type of cartilage found in the body
Hyalin
-
________ is never found alone and merges with neighboring _______
- Fibrocartilage
- hyaline cartilage
-
Interstitial growth is growth from deep within the cartilage by the
mitosis of each chondrocyte
-
Interstitial growth is important in the development of
bone tissue
-
_________ is layered growth on the outside of the tissue
Appositional growth
-
Chondrocytes develop in the
perichondrium
-
What are some functions of bone
- Bone also aids in movement
- manufactures blood cells by way of its bone marrow
- and is a storehouse for calcium and other minerals
- a reservoir for minerals
-
What does bone consist of
- 33 % organic matrix most of which is type I collagen
- and 67% mineralized matrix (inorganic material) known as calcium hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2
-
Characterisitic of all bones are a dense _________ and a central _______ which is filled with bone marrow
- outer sheet of compact bone
- medullary cavity
-
is the most differentiated of all the connective tissues
Bone
-
The outer portion of compact bone is covered by
periosteum
-
What is periosteum
a dense connective tissue that contains blood vessels, nerves and bone-forming cells called osteoblasts
-
Within compact bone is
a spongy or cancellous bone
-
Describe compact bone
strong because it has fewer soft tissue spaces, but it is heavy
-
Describe cancellous bone
light because it is formed by pieces of solid bone that join to form a lattice (network). It isn’t as strong since it has more soft tissue spaces
-
Lining the medullary cavity of bone on the inside of the layers of compact bone and cancellous bone is the
endosteum
-
On the innermost portion of bone in the medullary cavity is the
bone marrow
-
The matrix between the bone cells is composed of
organic collagen fibers, mostly collagen and intercellular substance
-
Bone matrix is initially formed as a nonmineralized tissue called ____ produced by ______
-
canaliculi
tubular canals that provide interaction between osteocytes
-
Unlike chondrocytes, osteocytes never
undergo mitosis
-
Bone matrix in compact bone is formed into closely apposed sheets called
lamellae(layers)
-
The organized arrangement of concentric lamellae in compact bone is called the
haversian system
-
The ______ is a unit of the haversian system
osteon
-
haversian canal
central vascular canal within each osteon
-
What is the purpose of the haversian canals
provide nutrition for the surrounding bone tissue
-
Located on the exterior portion of the haversian system in compact bone are
Volkmann’s canals or nutrient canals
-
What are the two methods of growth for bone development
intramembranous and endochondral ossification
-
Intramembranous ossification is
formation of osteoid within dense connective tissue
-
Intramembranous ossification uses a method of
appositional growth
-
The maxilla and majority of the mandible are formed by
intramembranous ossification
-
Endochondral ossification is
the formation of the osteoid within a hyaline cartilage model that subsequently becomes mineralized
-
Howship’s lacuna
a large shallow pit for osteoclast
-
Generalized resorption occurs due to
due to endocrine activity, in order to increase blood levels of calcium and phosphate needed by the body
-
Localized resorption occurs as a result of
infection, altered mechanical stress or pressure on bone so that it adapts by remodeling
-
The blood cells are also called the
formed elements in the blood
-
The formed elements of the blood include
the red blood cells, platelets and white blood cells
-
The most common blood cell is the
red blood cell or erythrocyte
-
What are some characteristics of RBC
- has no nucleus and does not undergo mitosis
- besides carrying oxygen, also help in the clotting mechanism
-
What are platelets and what do they function as
- are actually fragments of other blood cells so are really not cells
- also known as thrombocytes
- function in the clotting mechanism
-
What are the six different WBC's
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
- and mast cells
-
The most common WBC is the
neutrophil or polymorphonuclear leukocyte
-
PMN’s contain
a large number of lysosomal enzymes and are active in phagocytosis
-
_______are the second most common WBC
Lymphocytes
-
What are the two major types of lymphocytes
the T-cell and the B-cell
-
B-cells mature in the _______ while T-cells mature in the ______
- bone marrow and lymph nodes
- Thymus
-
B-cells can further divide to become
plasma cells
-
Plasma cells produce
immunoglobulins or antibodies in response to specific antigens
-
The most common white blood cell in the connective tissue is ________ and is called a ________ once it leaves the blood and enters the tissues
-
Eosinophils increase in numbers during
an immune response, with allergies and in parasitic diseases
-
Macrophages assist in
the immune response to facilitate antibody production
-
Mast cells are involved in
- the immune response with allergies
- Histamine released by mast cells plays a key role in inflammation
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