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diagnostic horizon?
Bn or Bnt
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primary and secondary characteristic structures?
- primary structure: columnar or prismatic
- secondary structure: blocky
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characteristic consistence?
hard to very hard
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more than _____ exchangeable sodium
10%
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originated from what kind of parent material?
salinized parent material, probably marine shale (sodium sulfate)
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ways that salt accumulate?
- salinized parent material and regionalized groundwater flow (recharge and discharge areas)
- salinization by capillary rise (driven by plants through evapotranspiration)
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in Alberta, always associated with what kind of clays?
2:1 expandable clays (montmorillonite)
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distribution of solonetzic soils in Canada?
- interior plains region
- semiarid to subhumid (P<E) regions
- Montmorillonite clays in pgm
- in areas of groundwater discharge
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4 great groups
- solonetz
- solodized solonetz
- solod
- vertic solonetz
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solonetz GG characteristic horizons
- Ah or Ap
- Ae < 2cm or no Ae
- Bn or Bnt
- Csak
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solodized solonetz GG characteristic horizons
-
solod GG characteristic horizons
-
vertic solonetz GG characteristic horizons
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soil forming factors related to genesis: climate
evapotranspiration > precipitation
-
soil forming factors related to genesis: organism
edaphic control of vegetation (vegetation controlled by the soil it is formed under)
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soil forming factors related to genesis: relief
- low relief
- water table close to surface
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soil forming factors related to genesis: PGM
- marine shale
- contains Na and montmorillonite
- texture finer than sandy loam
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soil forming factors related to genesis: time
~ 7000 yrs
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stages of development
- 1. initial salinization
- 2. solonization
- 3. solodization
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challenges in management of solonetz
- large variability in depth of topsoil, fertility, subsoil characteristics
- poor soil structure, porosity, aeration, and water holding capacity in the root zone
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management options for solonetz
- drainage
- seedbed preparation
- fertilizer
- organic matter
- forage crops
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C horizon mineral characteristics?
usually calcareous with salt accumulations
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major salt?
- sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)
- sometimes gypsum (Ca2SO4)
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