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Cartilage, which contains _______ and _______, is surrounded by a layer of dense irregular connective tissue, the _________.
- No nerves
- Blood vessels
- Perichondrium
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The perichondrium acts like a girdle to resist _____ expansion when the cartilage is compressed.
Outward.
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The perichondrium contains ________ from which nutrients diffuse through the matrix to reach the cartilage cells internally. This mode of nutrition delivery limits cartilage ______.
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Why type of cartilage covers the ends of most bones at moveable joints?
Articular (Hyaline)Cartilage
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All three types of cartilage have the same basic components- cells called _______, encased in small cavities (_______) within extracellular matrix.
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Cartilage that has a frosted glass look, freshly exposed, provides support with flexibility and resilience.
Hyaline
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Which cartilage is the most abundant?
Hyaline
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What skeletal cartilage forms the skeleton of the larynx and reinforces other respiratory passages?
Respiratory Cartilage.
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What skeletal cartilage supports the external nose?
Nasal Cartilage
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Which cartilage consist of roughly parallel rows of chondrocytes, altering with thick collagen fibers?
Fibrocartilage
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Which cartilage is better able to withstand repeated bending?
Elastic cartilage
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Which cartilage is more subject to both stretch and pressure; can be found as pad-like cartilages?
Fibrocartilage
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What are the 7 important unctions of bones?
- Support
- Protection
- Anchorage
- Mineral and growth
- Blood cell formation
- Fat storage
- Hormone production
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Bone is a reservoir for minerals, most importantly _______ and ________.
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Where is red marrow found the long bone?
Epyphysis: Spongy tissue
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What is the term used to describe blood cell formation?
Hematopoiesis
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Bones produce _____(hormone) that helps regulate _____ secretions.
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The skull, vertebral column, and rib cage make up the _____ skeleton.
Axial
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The extremities, and girdles that attach the limbs of the axial skeleton make up the _______ skeleton.
Appendicular
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Long bones are named for their ______ shape, not their overall size.
Elongated
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Some sesamoid bones act to _____ the direction of pull of a tendon.
Alter
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The vertebrae and hip bones are classified as _______ bones.
Irregular
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In living bones, the open spaces between trabeculae are filled with ______.
Red or yellow bone marrow
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Describe spongy bone.
Honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces trabeculae
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Short, irregular, and flat bones share a simple design: They all consist of thin plates of _____ tissue(diploe)covered by compact tissue.
The compact bone is covered outside and inside by ______ tissue membranes, respectively the ______ and the ______.
- Spongy
- Connective
- Periosteum
- Endosteum
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Name of long bone shaft
Diaphysis
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Name of long bone ends
Epiphysis
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A thin layer of _______ cartilage covers the joint surface of each epiphysis, cushioning the opposing bone ends during _____ and absorbing ______.
- Articular(hyaline)
- Movement
- Stress
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A relatively thick collar of compact bone that surrounds a central ______ cavity.
Medullary
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The epiphyseal plate, once done with growth, becomes the ________.
Epiphyseal Line.
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______ of long bone provides anchoring points for tendons and ligaments.
Periosteum
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A delicate connective tissue membrane called ______ covers the internal bone surfaces.
Endosteum
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The periosteum of the long bone is made up of _______ tissue
Dense Irregular connective
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Periosteum: The inner ______ layer, next to the bone surface, consists primarily of primitive stem cells, _______ cells, that give rise to all bone cells except bone destroying cells
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The periosteum is richly supplied with _______ fibers and _______, which pass through the ____ to enter the marrow cavity via a ______ foramen.(Perforating _______ fibers)
- Nerve
- Blood vessels
- Shaft
- Nutrient
- Sharpey's
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What part of the bone provides anchorage points for tendons and ligaments?
Periosteum
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Membrane; delicate connective tissue, covers internal bone surfaces.
Endosteum
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The ______ lines the canals that pass through the compact bone.
Endosteum
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The periosteum and the endosteum contain _____ cells that differentiate into other bone cells
Osteogenic
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Bone markings:
Projections include
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Bone Markings:
Depressions and openings include:
- Fossae
- foramen
- sinuses
- foramina
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Depressions and opening in bone allow for . . .
Nerves and blood vessels to pass
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Projections on bones indicate the _____ created by muscle
Stresses
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In growing bones, osteogenic cells are _______ or flattened cells.
Squamous
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Osteogenic cells can be found . . .
-
Osteoid is
the initial unmineralized bone; secrete collagen and calcium binding proteins
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Bone-forming cells secreted in the bone matrix?
Osteoblasts
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Osteocytes are ______ cells that occupy spaces (______) that conform to their shape.
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What bones cells monitor and maintain the bone's matrix?
Osteocytes
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Osteoclasts are _____-nucleate cells located at sites of bone re-______.
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The structural unit of long bone
Osteon
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Tiny weight bearing pillars that run parallel to the long bone axis of the bone.
Osteons
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Growth rings surrounding and composing the osteon.
Lamella
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Lamellar bone is another name for . . .
Compact bone
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Although all of the collagen fibers in a particular lamella runs in the same direction, the collagen fibers in the adjacent lamellae always run in ______ directions. This alternating pattern is beautifully designed to withstand ______ stresses.
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Junctions of the lamellae, that are occupied by osteocytes.
Lacunae
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Hairlike canals connecting lacunae to each other and to the central canal.
Canaliculi
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The _____ tie all osteocytes in a mature osteon together, allowing them to communicate and permitting nutrients and wastes to be relayed from one osteocyte to the next throughout the osteon
Canaliculi
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Hydroxyapaties, or _________, largely calcium phosphate present as tiny, tightly packed, needle-like crystals in and around ________ in the extracellular matrix.
- Mineral salts
- Collagen fibers
-
Organic portion of the bone?
Inorganic?
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Trabeculae in spongy bone align percisly along lines of _____ and help the bone resist _____.
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Ossification in adults is mainly for bone ______ and ______.
-
What are the two forms of bone ossification processes?
- Intramembranous
- Endochondral
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Which bone ossification process develops a bone from hyaline cartilage?
Endochondral
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Which bone ossification process develops from a fibrous membrane and the bone?
Intramembranous
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Endochondral Ossification:
1)A bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage model: _______ of the newly converted periosteum secrete ______ against the hyaline cartilage.
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Endochondral Ossification:
2)Cartilage in the center of the diaphysis calcifies and develops cavity: _______ within the shaft hypertrophy(enlarge) signaling cartilage matrix to calcify. Calcified matrix is ______ to diffusing nutrients, therefore the ______die, and the deterioration creates a cavity.
- Chondrocytes
- Impermeable
- Chondrocytes
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Endochondral Ossification:
3)The periosteal bud(collection of ______, ______, _______, _______, _______) invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms
- Artery
- Vein
- Nerve fibers
- Red marrow elements
- Osteogenic cells
- Osteoclasts
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Endochondral Ossification:
4)The diaphysis ______ and the medullary cavity _______.
Secondary ______ centers appear.
- Elongates
- Forms
- Ossification
-
Endochondral Ossification:
5)The epiphyses ossify: Bone _____ appear
Trabeculae
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The terms "long," "short," "flat," and "irregular" are used to classify bones based on their ________.
Shape
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Type of ossification process the forms the cranial bones and the clavicle
Intramembranous
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–Red marrow in ______& some ______bones is the most active
-
Projections that are sites of______ and _______attachment
-
Bone projections help to form ______.
Joints
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Osteoblasts mitotic, secrete _________ bone matrix that includes ______(90% of bone protein) & _______ that make up initial un-mineralized bone (osteoid)
- un-mineralized
- collagen
- Ca-binding proteins
-
Osteocytes are _______ that have ‘become trapped’üReside in lacunae & connected to each other via canaliculi. Signal ‘osteoblasts & osteoclasts’ about ‘______ stresses
osteoblasts
mechanical
-
Osteogenic cells reside in endosteum & periosteum, ‘differentiate’ into ______ or bone ______ cells
-
Intramembraous Ossification:
Four major steps are involved:
1._______ cells cluster and become osteoblasts, forming ossification centers
2._____ is secreted, then calcified
3.Osteoid is laid down between blood vessels, resulting in _____ called woven bone. Mesenchyme condenses to from ______.
4. Lamellar bone replaces woven bone & red marrow appears (via its vascular tissue)
- Mesenchymal
- Osteoid
- trabeculae
- periosteum
-
Interstitial growth ‘requires’ the presence of epiphyseal ‘_______’ in the epiphyseal _____.
-
Testosterone (______) & estrogens (_____) at puberty: Promote adolescent growth spurts
End growth by inducing ______closure
- Males
- Females
- epiphyseal plate
-
Growth of the bone is by cartilage, with replacement by bone via ______.
osteoblasts
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During infancy and childhood, the single most important stimuli of epiphyseal plate activity is ______ released from the ______ gland.
- Growth Hormone
- Anterior Pituitary
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______ seam: a band of ‘unmineralized bone matrix’ that marks areas of ‘new matrix deposits’
Between the ‘______seam’ & ‘older mineralized bone’, there is an abrupt transition zone called the ______
–Calcium salts are deposited a few days later
- Osteoid
- Osteoid
- Calcification front
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When reabsorption of a given area of bone is complete, the osteoclasts undergo _______.
Apoptosis
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Osteoclast activation involves _______ & T cell-secreted proteins
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-
Bones are stressed when ‘weight _____’ on them or ‘muscles _____’ on them
-
Wolff's Law –
Bones ‘grow or remodel’ in response to the demands placed on them
-
Bones ‘grow or remodel’ in response to the demands placed on them explains ______ Law
Wolff's
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_______ controls determine whether or when remodeling occurs in response to changing blood calcium level.
Hormonal
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Hormonal controls determine whether or when _______ occurs in response to changing blood ______ level.
-
________ determines where the remodeling occurs.
Mechanical Stress
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Mechanical stresses determines ______ the remodeling occurs.
Where
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Hormone released by adipose tissue, plays a role in regulating bone ______.
Density
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Hormone released by ______ tissue, plays a role in regulating bone density.
adipose
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Seratonin is made in the _____. Regulates ____ and _____.
-
Osteomalacia: Condition in which osteoid is produced, but calcium salts are not adequately deposited, so bones are _____ and _____.
Weak and Brittle
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Sex hormones- ______ in males and _____ in females-help maintain the health and normal bone density of the skeleton.
-
Bowed legs and deformities of the pelvis, skull, rib cage are common with _____.
Rickets
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Osteomalacia and rickets are caused by a insufficent _____ diet and a vitamin ____- deficiency.
-
Condition in which reabsorption outpaces bone deposit.
Osteoporosis
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Condition characteristed by Excessive and hazphazed bone deposit and re-absorption
Paget's disease
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