A&P 1 Exam 2: Tissues

What are groups of cells that similar in structure and perform a common or related function?

What are the 4 basic types of tissue?

What major type of tissue is known to cover?

What major type of type is known to support other tissues?

What major type of tissue is known for producing movement?

What major type of tissue is known for its control/internal communications function?

Minor distortions encountered in microscope slides are called?

What type of tissue forms the outer layer of the skin, lines open cavities, and covers the walls and organs of the closed ventral body cavity?

Which type of tissue fashions the glands of the body?

In its role as an interface tissue, epithelium accomplishes many functions, including . . .

What are the 5 distinguishing characteristics of epithelial tissue?

What term describes the upper free surface exposed to the body exterior of epithelia tissue?

What is the lower surface of the epithelial tissue?

The difference between function and structure of the two epithelial surface.

Although some apical surfaces are smooth and slick, most have _______, finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane.

Some apical surfaces are smooth and slick, most have _______, which tremendously increase the exposed surface area.

Some epithelia, such as that lining the trachea(windpipe), have _________(tiny hairlike projections) that propel substances along their free surface.

Concerning epithelial tissue, ________ are tiny hairlike projections found in the trachea

The basal lamina, adjacent to the basal surface of the epithelium, consists largely of

The basal lamina, adjacent to the basal surface of the epithelium, is ____-cellular, ______sheet.

The basal lamina acts as a ______ that determines which molecules diffusing from the underlying connective tissue are allowed to enter the epithelium.

Except for glandular epithelia, epithelia cells fit closely together to form continuous sheets. Lateral Contacts, including ______ junctions and _______, bind adjacent cells together at many points.

What is the function of have tight junctions in the epithelia?

All epithelial sheets rest upon and are supported by _____ tissue.

The reticular lamina, just deep of the basal lamina, is a layer of _______ material containing a fine network of ______protein fibers that belong to the underlying connective tissue.

The basal lamina and the reticular lamina form the ______ membrane of the epithelial tissue/

What defines the epithelial boundaries, resist stretching and tearing?

An important characteristic of cancerous epithelial cells is their failure to respect the ______ boundary, which they penetrate to invade the tissues beneath.

Epithelial tissue is ______(contains no blood vessels), but is ______(supplied by nervous fibers)

Epithelial cells are nourished y substances diffused from _____ in the underlying connective tissue.

Epithelium has a _____ regenerative capacity.

If and when their apical-basal polarity and lateral contacts are destroyed, epithelial cells begin to . . .

Keep in mind _____ shape when attempting to identify epithelial types

Stratified epithelia are named according to the shape of the cell in the ____ layer.

What are the functions of simple squamous epithelium?

Where can you find simple squamous epithelium?

Simplest of the epithelium?

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium

What type of epithelial tissue has the function of secretion and absorption?

Where can you find simple cuboidal epithelium?

What type of tissue is thin and permeable, allowing filtration or the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion as a priority?

What are the two special sub-types of simple squamous epithelium?

Out of the two special sub-types of simple squamous epithelium, what is known as the inner covering?

Out of the two special sub-types of simple squamous epithelium, capillaries consist exclusively of this?

Out of the two special sub-types of simple squamous epithelium, which provides as a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and hollow organs of the cardiovascular system?

Out of the two special sub-types of simple squamous epithelium,which is known as middle covering?

Out of the two special sub-types of simple squamous epithelium, which is found in serous membranes, membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs?

Which type of simple epithelium tissue is known for it spherical nuclei stain darkly.

Name the type of simple epithelium that is a single layer, tall, closely packed, with oval nuclei.

Columnar cells are mostly associated with absorption and secretion, and the digestive lining has two distinct modifications that make it ideal for that function . . .

Where can you find non-ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

Where can you find ciliated simple columnar epithelium?

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium; non-ciliated?

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium; ciliated?

Describe pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

What is the function of pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue; non-ciliated?

Where can you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium tissue; ciliated?

Why did pseudostratified columnar epithelium get the name "pseudostratified"?

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium: A ciliated version contains mucus-secreting ______ cells lines most of the respiratory tract. Here the _______propel sheets of dust-trapping mucus superiorly away from the lungs.

Stratified epithelium are considerably ____ durable than simple epithelium.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium tissue is found in areas subject to _____ and _____

Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Deeper layer are usually ______ or ______ cells; surface layer are ______.

Because epithelium is depends on nutirents diffusing from _______ tissue, the epithelial cells  farther from the basement membrane are less ______. and those on the apical surface are often ______ and ______.

The outer layer of the skin; epidermis, is ______(hardened), meaning its surface contain ______, a tough protective protein.

Besides the outer layer of the skin; epidermis, all other stratified squamous epithelium is non-______.

Where would you find stratified squamous epithelium in the body; keratinized and non-keratinized?

Stratified ______ epithelium is the most widespread of the stratified epithelium.

This epithelium also occurs at transition areas or juntions between two types of epithelia.

What epithelium would you find rarely in the body, mainly found in the ducts of larger glands(sweat,mammary)?

Describe stratified cuboidal epithelium.

What epithelial tissue would you find only in small amounts in the pharynx, the male urethra, an lining some glandular ducts?

Transitional epithelium forms the lining of hollow ______organs, which stretch as they fill.

What epithelium has this characteristic: When the organ is distended with urine, the epithelium thins from about 6 to 3 layers, and its dome-like apical cells flatten and become squamous-like?

What epithelium tissue has dome-like apical cells?

What is the function of transitional epithelium?

What epithelial tissue lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra?

Define: Consists of one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product.

Glandular secretion: a _____based fluid that usually contains ______.

There is variation

Glands are classified into two traits. What are they?

Classifying glands: where they come from; what is endocrine vs. exocrine?

Classifying glands: Number of cells; what is unicellular vs. multi-cellular?

Unicellular glands are scattered within ______sheets.

Unicellular glands are scattered within epithelial sheets. By contrast, most multi-cellular epithelial glands form by ______(inward growth) of an epithelial sheet into the underlying _____ tissue

Endocrine glands eventually lose their ____, they are often called  ____-less glands.

Which type of gland produce hormones?

What are hormones?

How do hormones work?

Describe the diffuse endocrine system.

Exocrine glands secrete their products onto ____ surface or into body _____.

Exocrine; unicellular, secrete via _____.

Exocrine; multi-cellular, secrete via _____.

Liver secreting bile is an example of _____ glands

Mucous, sweat, oil, and salivary glands are example of _____ glands

Unicellular exocrine glands are _____ and ______ cells.

Pancreas synthesizes digestive enzymes is an example of _____ glands at work

Found in Unicellular Exocrine Glands: Once mucin is dissolved in water, it becomes . . .

Found in Unicellular Exocrine Glands: Once mucin is dissolved in water, it becomes mucin, a ______ coating that protects and ______ surfaces.

Found in Unicellular Exocrine Glands: mucin is a complex _______ that dissolves in ______ when secreted.

Found in Unicellular Exocrine Glands: what are goblet cells?

Multi-cellular exocrine glands are classified by what 2 characteristics?

Multi-cellular exocrine glands; classified by duct structure: can be deeper classified into what 2 main classification.

Multi-cellular exocrine glands; compound, can be classified by it secretory units: . . .

Multi-cellular exocrine glands;compound, alveolar can be used interchangeable with ______.

Multi-cellular exocrine glands, ______tissue surrounds the secretory units.

In all but the simplest glands, ______ tissue surrounds the secretory unit, supplied by _____ and ______, and form a _______ that extends into the gland and divides it into _____.

Multi-cellular exocrine glands secrete their product in different ways, so they can also be described functionally as _______, ________, ________.

What Multi-cellular exocrine gland; mode of secretion does the pancreas, most sweat glands, and salivary glands belong to?

What Multi-cellular exocrine gland; mode of secretion does "merely secrete"(secretory cells are unaltered) fall into?

Oil Glands are an example of what mode of secretion?

Describe holocrine secretion.

What mode of secretion is found mainly in animals and is debated in the human body?

What mode of secretion is like holocrine, accumulates, but in this case only beneath the surface. Eventually, the apex of the cell pinches off, releasing the secretory granules and a small amount of cytoplasm.

Apocrine is like holocrine, it accumulates, but in this case only beneath the ____. Eventually, the ____ of the cell pinches off, releasing the secretory granules and a small amount of cytoplasm.

What is a thought-to-be example of apocrine glands?

What are the 4 main classes of connective tissue?

What are the main functions of connective tissue?

All connective tissue derives from ______

Connective tissue runs the gamat of _______. Cartilage is _______. Dense connective tissue is _______ vascularized, and other types are rich.

Connective tissue can bear ______, withstand great _______, and endure _______.

Connective tissue is composed largely of ______.(non-living)

What are the 3 main elements of connective tissue?

What is the prototype, or model connective tissue?

All other connective tissue is just variations from this.

Concerning the composition of connective tissue, what is made up of unstructured material that fills up space between the cells and contains the fibers?

Concerning the composition of extracellular substance for connective tissue, it is composed of what 3 main elements?

Concerning the composition of extracellular substance for connective tissue, cell adhesion protein serves as . . .

Concerning the composition of extracellular substance for connective tissue, proteoglycans consist of a protein core to which ______ are attached.

Concerning the composition of extracellular substance for connective tissue;

Proteoglycans;

Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs) consist mainly of what 2 elements

What are they?

Concerning the composition of extracellular substance for connective tissue;

Proteoglycans;

Glycosaminoglycans(GAGs) are trap ______, forming a  substance that varies from ______ to ________.

Concerning the composition of extracellular substance for connective tissue:
The fibers within the ground substance make it less _____ and _______ diffusion somewhat.

Collagen fibers are extremely ______ and provide _______ strength.

Collagen is made from  ______ protein; ______.

Collagen molecules secreted from the fibrous protein called collagen, are secreted into the ________, where they assemble _________ into _________ fibrils.

What are long, thin, elastic fibers that form branching networks in the extracellular matrix?

Elastic fibers contain a rubber-like protein called ______, that allows them to _______ and _______ like rubber bands.

Connective tissue can stretch only so much before its thick, rope-like collagen fibers become taunt. Then, when tension lets up, _____ fibers snap the connective tissue back into its original place.

What are short, fine, collagenous fiber (with slight difference chemically and in form)?

What fiber branches extensively, forming delicate networks that surround small blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs?

What fiber is particularly abundant where connective tissue is next to another type of tissue?

When categorizing cells in connective tissue, the following mean:
(-blast)
(-cyte)

(-blast): Immature cell; in connective tissue is actively______ cells. They secrete the _________ and the _______ characteristics.of their particular matrix.

The primary -blast cells are:
1)Connective Tissue Proper: Fibroblast
2)Cartilage: _______
3)Bone: Osteoblast

The primary -blast cells are:

1)Connective Tissue Proper: ________
2)Cartilage: Chondroblast
3)Bone: Osteoblast

The primary -blast cells are:

1)Connective Tissue Proper: Fibroblast
2)Cartilage: Chondroblast
3)Bone: _______

The primary -blast cells are:

1)Connective Tissue Proper: _______
2)Cartilage: _______
3)Bone: _______

What -blast cell produces blood cells?

In connective tissue, -blast cells become mature once . . . 
What is there function afterwards?

Connective tissue may have an assortment of other cells types, such as . . .

Concerning connective tissue, ______cells are concerned with tissue response to injury.

Concerning connective tissue, ______cells are typically clustered along blood vessels. _____-shaped cells, they detect _________.

Concerning connective tissue, ______cells initiate the local inflammation responses.

Concerning connective tissue, ______cells are large, irregular shaped cells, consume dead tissue cells. Called the "big eaters"

Mast cells contains secretory granules with chemicals that mediate inflammation especially in severe allergies. These chemicals include . . .

Mast cells contains secretory granules with chemicals that mediate inflammation especially in severe allergies. Histamine is a substance that make capillaries ______.

Mast cells contains secretory granules with chemicals that mediate inflammation especially in severe allergies. Heparin is a _______ that prevents ______ when free in the bloodstream.

What is the common embryonic tissue?

Describe mesenchyme.

All mature connective tissue(except bone, cartilage, and blood) are ________.

Connective tissue proper=2 subclasses: ______ connective and _____ connective tissue

Under connective tissue proper, loose connective tissues include:

Under connective tissue proper, dense connective tissues include:

Areolar connective tissue; the model connective tissue, has the functions of all connectives tissues. Functions Include:

Concerning areolar connective tissue, what are flat branching cells that appear spindle shaped, predominate?

Concerning areolar connective tissue, numerous _______ are also seen and present a formidable barrier to invading microorganisms.

Concerning areolar connective tissue, ______cells appear singly or in clusters.

Concerning areolar connective tissue, _______ are identified by the large, darkly stained cytoplasmic granules that often obscure their nuclei.

Concerning areolar connective tissue,due to its loose nature, areolar connective tissue provides a _______ of water and ______ for surrounding tissues.

What tissue makes up the lamina propria?

Where can you find areolar connective tissue?

Concerning areolar connective tissue, due to it high content of ________, it makes its ground matrix viscous, like molasses, which hinders the movement of cells through it.

Concerning areolar connective tissue, due to it high content of Hyaluronic Acid, it makes its ground matrix viscous, like molasses, which . . .

Concerning areolar connective tissue, due to it high content of Hyaluronic Acid, some white blood cells secrete the enzyme; _______, to liquefy the ground substance and ease the passage.

Adipose tissue is _______vascular, indicating its _____metabolic activity.

Adipose tissue is used as . . .

Fat is a _____ conductor of heat. Meaning it helps _____ heat loss from the body.

Normally adipose tissue is described as white fat, but there is also brown fat. Brown fat is abundant in ______, which uses the lipid fuels to heat the bloodstream to warm the body.

Normally adipose tissue is described as white fat, but there is also brown fat. Brown fat's scant deposits occur on . . .

The richly vascular _______ fat occurs mainly in babies who(as yet)lack the ability to produce body heat by shivering.

Reticular loose connective tissue is described as a labyrinth-like ______("bed" or "mattress"), or internal framework, that can support many free ______.

Fibroblast found in the reticular network of reticular tissue is called

Reticular loose connective tissue is similar to _______ loose connective tissue, with the exception that the only fiber in reticular tissue is ______ fibers.

What type of connective tissue can be found in lymphoid organs primarily?

Fibrous connective tissue is used interchangeably with _________ connective tissues

Fibrous connective tissue is used interchangeably with dense connective tissues since . . .

Dense regular connective tissue is closely package _____ fibers running in the ______ direction, parallel to the ______ of pull.

Dense regular connective tissue is ______ vascular

The wavy collagen fibers feature of dense regular connective tissue allows

What connective tissue forms tendons?

Tendons attach ______ to ______.

Flat;sheet-like tendons are called _______.

Dense regular tissue forms a _______, a fibrous membrane that wraps around muscle, groups of muscle, blood vessels, and nerves, binding them together like plastic

Dense regular connective tissue makes ligaments and tendons. Ligaments have more ______ than tendons and slightly more _____.

Simple Columnar Epithelium found in the small intestine mucosa contains mucus of _______ cells.

With which portion of an epithelial cell in the stomach would food be in contact?

A) Basal Surface
B) Apical Surface
C) Endothelium
D) Fibroblasts

The mucus-secreting cells prevalent in simple columnar epithelium are known as

A) Chondroblast
B) Goblet Cells
C) Fibroblast
D) Mast cells

Which type of glandular epithelia has "local influence"?

Which connective tissue is least and most vascular?

Define areola.

Dense irregular tissue compared to dense regular:

Collagen fibers ______ and arranged  ______
Collagen fibers run in more than one _____.

What is the main cell in dense regular and irregular connective tissue?

Where can you find dense irregular connective tissue?

What is the function of elastic; dense connective tissue?

Where can you find elastic; dense connective tissue?

You would expect to find _____ fibers in areas that undergo a lot of stretch and rebound.

Cartilage receives its nutrients from ______ from _______ located in the connective tissue layer(periochondrium)surrounding it.

What is the primary cell in cartilage?

______, mature cartilage cells, are typically found in small groups within cavities called ______.

What is the most abundant cartilage in the body?

What cartilage has the function of supporting and reinforcing,
Serving as a resilient cushion,
Resisting compression stress?

Cartilage that covers ends of long bones in joint cavities, forms costal cartilages of the ribs, cartilage of the nose, trachea, and larynx?

What is the term used for hyaline cartilage at the ends of long bones that lines the outside?

Cartilage that maintains the shape of a structure while maintaining flexibility?

What type of cartilage would be found in the epiglottis or pinna(external ear)of the ear?

Compared to hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage has a higher concentration of _______.

Fibrocartilage can be found in . . .

What cartilage has tensile strength to allow absorption of compression shock?

Compared to hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage's matrix  is _____ firm; ____ collagen fibers ______.

Bone is innervated via _______.

Osteocytes lie in _______.

Bone is hard and calcified

What is the function of bone tissue?

Blood formation term?

Why is blood classified as connective tissue?

Which muscle tissue is voluntary?

_______ tissue that is highly cellular, well-vascular, responsible for body movement?

Muscle cells possess myofilaments, elaborate networks of the ______ and _______ filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types.

Muscle cells possess ________, elaborate networks of the actin and myosin filaments that bring about movement or contraction in all cell types.

Cutaneous membranes are _____, Mucus and serous are wet.

3 types of membranes?

Essentially, all membranes are _____-cellular sheets composed of at least __ types of tissue: an ______ bound to an underlying layer of _______ tissue.

______ membranes line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body, they are moist, contain either stratified cubiodal or columnar epithelium. Made for absorption and secretion.

Mucus membranes line all body cavities that ____________________, they are moist, contain either stratified _________ epithelium. Made for _______ and ________.

_______membranes are found in closed ventral body cavities, consist of simple squamous epithelium and areolar loose connective tissue, moist.

Serous membranes are found in _________ body cavities, consist of simple ________ epithelium and _______ loose connective tissue, moist.

All of the following are usually characteristics of epithelium except: __________.
A. abundant extracellular material
B. tight junctions
C. highly mitotic
D. avascular

Goblet cells are found in this kind of epithelium.

A. Simple squamous
B. Transitional
C. Simple columnar
D. Simple cuboidal

Which of the following is the most widespread epithelium?

A. Stratified squamous
B. Simple columnar
C. Simple cuboidal
D. Stratified cuboidal

Glands that secrete by rupture of cells are classified as __________.

A. endocrine
B. holocrine
C. unicellular
D. merocrine

An epithelial tissue with four layers of cells, in which the apical layer cells are flat and the basal layer cells are taller than they are wide, would be classified as _________.

A. stratified columnar
B. stratified squamous
C. simple squamous
D. simple columnar

Which of the following is not a connective tissue?

A. Bone
B. Cartilage
C. Blood
D. Smooth muscle

Calcium salts are found in which connective tissue?

A. Cartilage
B. Bone
C. Dense fibrous
All of the above have calcium salts

This is the most widespread connective tissue and serves as filler material between other tissues.

A. Reticular
B. Areolar
C. Dense irregular
D. Hyaline cartilage

Which of the following is not associated with cartilage?

A. Lacunae
B. Blood vessels
C. Chondrocytes
D. Collagen fibers

Which of the following cells typically cluster along blood vessels and detect foreign microorganisms?

A. Hematopoietic stem cells
B. Mast cells
C. Macrophages
D. Chondroblasts

Which type of muscle is voluntary?

A. Skeletal
B. Smooth
C. Cardiac
D. Skeletal and cardiac

Multinucleated cells predominate in which muscle tissue?

A. Cardiac
B. Skeletal
C. Skeletal and cardiac
D. Smooth

The two contractile proteins found in muscle cells are: _________.

A. collagen and elastin
B. actin and myosin
C. keratin and myosin
D. actin and elastin

Muscle tissue can be described as: _________.

A. avascular and noninnervated
B. vascular and innervated
C. avascular and innervated
D. vascular and noninnervated

Intercalated discs are a unique feature of which muscle tissue?

A. Smooth
B. Cardiac
C. Skeletal
D. Skeletal and cardiac

Membranes that line open body cavities are classified as _______.

A. mucous
B. synovial
C. serous
D. cutaneous

Body membranes are usually composed of which two tissues?

A. Connective and muscle
B. Epithelial and muscle
C. Epithelial and connective
D. Nervous and muscle

Which of the following is classified as a dry membrane?

A. Synovial
B. Serous
C. Mucous
D. Cutaneous

During organization of tissue repair, a blood clot is replaced by ___________.

A. a scab
B. scar tissue
C. granulation tissue
D. areolar tissue

Regeneration is highly unlikely in which of the following tissues?

A. Simple columnar epithelium
B. Cardiac muscle
C. Areolar connective tissue
D. Bone

Of the four major types of tissues, which type forms boundaries between different environments?

A. Connective
B. Muscle
C. Epithelial
D. Nervous

What would a glandular structure that has three ducts and flasklike sacs be termed?

A. Compound alveolar
B. Simple branched tubular
C. Simple branched alveolar
D. Compound tubular

Of the four major tissue types, which type is avascular?

A. Epithelial
B. Muscle
C. Connective
D. Nervous

Stroma consists of what specific tissue type?

A. Dense irregular connective tissue
B. Smooth muscle
C. Simple cuboidal epithelium
D. Reticular connective tissue

The epiglottis and external ear are composed of which kind of cartilage?

A. Hyaline
B. Elastic
C. Fibrocartilage
D. Articular

Chemotherapy destroys cells in mitosis. Which type of tissue would be most affected by chemotherapy?

A. Muscle
B. Nervous
C. Connective
D. Epithelial

Steps of Tissue Repair

Steps of Tissue Repair
1)Inflammation sets the stage

Steps of Tissue Repair
2)Organization restores the blood supply

2 tissues have no regenerative capabilites