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What is nutrition?
- the study of food, nutrients and other substances
- their action, interaction and balance in relation to health and disease
- the process by which the body injects, digests absorbs, transports, utilizes stores and excretes nutrients
- interactions with the genes, genome and epigenetic to regulate metabolism
- the study of the environment and of human behaviour as well
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What are some severe deficiency diseases?
- Protein energy malnutrition (PEM)
- Anemia (iron)
- Xerolphtalmia (Vitamin A)
- Goiter (iodine)
- Beriberi (thiamin)
- Pellegra (thiamin)
- Scurvy (Vitamin C)
- Rickets (Vitamin D)
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What are the steps of the scientific method?
- observation and question
- hypothesis and Prediction
- experiment
- results and Interpretations
- (either hypotheisis
- supported or hypothesis not supported)
- if hypothesis supported, them either there is a theory or there will be new observations and questions
- if the hypothesis is not supported, there will be new observations and questions
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What are 3 types of epidemiological studies?
- 1. Cross sectional
- 2. Case Control
- 3. Cohort
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What is a cross sectional study?
- when researchers look @ what foods a group of people eat and look at how healthy they are
- there is a link between diet an the data collected
- Ex. The Mediterranean diet: Having red wine + olive oil = LOW CVD risk
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What is a case control study?
- when researchers match cases by looking @ age, gender
- Ex. People with goiter lack iodine in their diet
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What is a cohort study?
- when researchers collect data from a group of people over an interval of a certain period or time (years)
- link found between HIGH CVD risk and HIGH CHOLESTEROL levels
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What are the 3 types of Experimental studies?
- 1. Laboratory based animal studies
- 2. Laboratory based in vitro studies
- 3. Human intervention (or clinical trials)
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What are laboratory based animal studies?
They are studies that cannot be done on humans therefore are done on animals
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What are laboratory based in vitro studies?
Researchers examine the effects of a specific variable on a tissue, cells or molecules
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What are human intervention (or clinical trials)?
Studies conducted on humans
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What is an essential nutrient?
- it is indispensable
- it performs an identifiable biological function
- "Abnormality" = results when omitted from diet
- required in the diet because the body cannot make it or make enough of it fast enough
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What is the Estimated Required Average (EAR)?
- its the amount of a nutrient in the diet needed to meet the average needs of an age/gender group
- GOAL: To avoid deficiency and to maintain long term health (and not just to achieve it)
- determined by experimentation in a healthy population
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What is the mandate of the DRI committee?
d
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EAR
Meets the rest of 1/2 of the individuals in a group
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What is the Recommended dietary allowance (RDA)?
- mean requirement (EAR) + allowance to meet the needs of almost all the healthy people in a group
- +2SD
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What is the tolerable upper intake level (UL)?
- its the max intake w/o adverse health effects for group
- no benefit if intake > RDA, AI
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What is the adequate intake (AI)?
- not enough info to establish reqt
- mean intake which sustain health in a group
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What are the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR)?
- Fat = 20-30% of energy intake
- CHO = 45-65%
- Protein = 10-35%
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EARs are designed for what kind of people?
Groups
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Why are EARs used for groups?
- to plan and procure food supplies for schools
- to establish guidelines for public assistance programs
- to develop new food products by the industry
- to design nutrition education programs
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RDAs are meant for what kind of people?
Individuals
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Why are RDAs sued for individuals?
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