-
Glutamate
- AMPA and NMDA
- Excitatory
- Related to memory
-
GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
- Inhibitory
- Sleep, reduce anxiety
- Basal ganglia
-
Gaba a
- ionotropic
- sedative effects
-
Gaba b
- metabotropic
- K+ exit leads to hyperpolarization
- muscle relaxant
-
Acetylcholine
- CNS and PNS
- Related to alzheimer's disease
-
Dopamine
- Substantia nigra
- Depression, ADHD, Parkinson's
-
-
Norepinephrine
- CNS and PNS
- Regulates blood pressure and calmness
- Depression
-
Basal Ganglia
- Grey Matter
- Help initiate and control intended movement
- Parkinson's disease
-
Thalamus (diencephalon)
Links sensory pathways from the periphery to the cerebral cortex
-
Hypothalamus (diencephalon)
Controls the pituitary gland, hunger and thermoregulation
-
Hippocampus
- Major center for learning and memory
- First to be damaged by alzheimer's
-
Cerebellum
- Balance
- Eye movement
- Roles in motor learning
-
Sympathetic
- Thoracolumbar
- Short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic
-
Parasympathetic
- craniosacral
- Long preganglionic fibers and short postganglionic
-
M2 Receptor
- Activates Gai
- inhibitory
- reduction in contractile force
- Slows heart rate
-
M3
- Activates Gaq
- Excitatory
- Contraction, secretion, vasodilation
-
Hemicholinium-3
Inhibits ACh synthesis by blocking Na+-choline symporter
-
Vesamicol
Inhibits ACh storage by blocking the H+-ACh antiporter
-
Physostigmine
- treats glaucoma
- used to treat anticholinergic toxicity
-
Neostigmine/pyridostigmine
- Treat myasthenia gravis
- AChE inhibitors
-
Pilocarpine
- miotic used to treat glaucoma
- treats dry mouth
-
Atropine
- mAChR antagonist
- induce mydriasis, inhibit secretion
-
Scopolamine
- inhibits M3 to stop GI tract and reduce salivation
- inhibition of ACh in CNS leads to sedation
-
Alpha-1 Receptors
- Adrenergic system
- Contraction in vascular smooth muscle, urinary sphincter, GI sphincters, Iris dilator, arrector pili
- increased contractile strength
- increased glucose generation
-
Alpha-2 Receptors
- inhibition
- negative feedback
- decreased insulin secretion
- Causes aggregation
-
Beta-1 Receptors
- Increased heart rate and contraction force
- increase renin secretion (high blood pressure)
- increase in secretion
-
Beta-2 Receptors
- Relaxation of smooth muscle, bronchial tree, and arteries
- increased glucose production
-
Beta-3 Receptors
break down of adipose tissue to be used for energy
-
Epinephrine
- Low concentration predominantly beta-1 and beta-2 effects
- high concentration predominantly alpha-1 effects
- used to treat anaphylaxis and asthmatic attacks
-
Norepinephrine
- Agonist at alpha-1 and beta-1 receptors
- treat hypotension
-
Reserpine
- Binds and inhibit VMAT
- At high doses leads to sympathomimetic effect
-
MAO Inhibitors
- Prevent degradation of NE that are transported back into presynaptic terminals
- Mostly used to treat depression
-
Alpha-Blockers
- Inhibits ability of catecholamines to constrict the blood vessels
- Treat hypertension
- Treat urinary bladder dysfunction conditions
-
Beta-Blockers
- Treat various kinds of heart diseases
- Control muscle tremors and anxiety, prevent migraines, and used as eye drops for glaucoma
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