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Rhodococcus equi
- gram positive, variably acid fast, strict aerobic coccus or bacillus (in vitro vs clinical)
- normal inhabitant of soil and animal manure (commensal, good in environment)
- acquired by inhalation or direct contact
- pyogranulomatous bronchopneumonia of foals (1-6m old)
- opsonized by complement, taken up and lives in macrophages (needs VapA protein to survive intracellularly)
- mycolic acid in cell wall causes pyogranulomatous lesions
- catalase +, grow on blood agar
-
Mycobacterium species
- gram + acid fast strict aerobic bacillus
- Tuberculosis = chronic granulomatous disease (monocytes surround proliferating bacteria)
- m tuberculosis (dogs and NHP to human, pulmonary dz)
- m avium avium (digestive infection)
- m bovis (pulmonary dz of ruminants, swine, cats, USDA, zoonotic from milk)
- usu acquired by inhalation, opsonized then taken in and live in macrophages. Intra and extracellular replication
- cell wall components (mycolic acid) cause inflammation
- monocytes surround bacteria and granulomas are formed.
- Grown on egg agar (takes a long time)
- can be killed but culling recommended.
-
Nocardia spp
- gram positive variably acid fast filamentous bacilli, obligate aerobe
- in environment
- inhalation, ingestion, trauma
- suppurative to granulomatous disease: necrotizing pneumonia with pyothorax, pyogranuloma with draining tract. Mucopurulent nasal d/c, anorexia, weight loss, cough, dyspnea.
- blood agar
- Trimethoprim/sulfonamide, dz of immunosupporessed so keep healthy!
-
mycoplasma
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram - but aren't, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- Commensal of nasal, conjunctival, oral, intestinal and genital mucosa
- transmission by inhalation, direct contact
- STRESS
- adhere to respiratory epithelium via surface proteins that vary antigenically by species (may cause ciliostasis or ciliary damage). Capsule prevents clearance.
- chronic infection common (antigenic variation, biofilms, continue to activate inflammatory response)
- don't survive outside host
- needs sterol source and CO2 to grow in culture (7d). Fried egg colonies.
- sensitive to antibiotics (not against cell wall)
- Live attenuated vax for gallisepticum and CBPP (but CULL), hyopneumoniae has bacterin.
- C-section pigs and pasteurize or milk replacer in calves.
-
mycoplasma gallisepticum
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram - but aren't, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- primary cause of chronic respiratory tract and air sac disease of chickens, turkey, other fowl.
- causes coughing, nasal d/c and sinusitis in turkeys
- REPORTABLE
-
mycoplasma meleagridis
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- air sac disease disease in turkeys (also iowae, gallisepticum)
-
Mycoplasma iowae
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- air sac disease in turkeys (also meleagridis, gallisepticum), chickens
-
mycoplasma mycoides spp (small colony type, bovine)
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- contagious bovine pleuropneumonia: respiratory distress, nasal d/c, severe depression
- Reportable, bioterrorism threat. Cull infected (though there is a live attenuated vaccine) Eradicated in US
-
mycoplasma bovis
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- bovine pneumonia, otitis media in calves (pasteurize or use milk replacer)
-
Mycoplasma dispar
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- bovine respiratory disease, mild
-
mycoplasma mycoides (large colony type) mycoides
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- caprine pleuropneumonia, cough, respiratory distress, rapidly fatal septicemia (like mycoides capri)
- Major economic significance in goats
-
mycoplasma mycoides (large colony type) capri
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- pleuropneumonia, cough, respiratory distress, rapidly fatal septicemia (like mycoides mycoides)
-
Mycoplasma capricolum capripneumoniae
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
- respiratory distress, nasal discharge, severe depression
- REPORTABLE, potential for bioterrorism
-
Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- minor respiratory disease leads to secondary sheep pneumonia by mannheimia haemolytica
-
mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- enzootic pneumonia, nonproductive cough, delayed weight gain
- deliver piglets via C section to prevent spread
-
Mycoplasma felis
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- equine pleuritis (exercise-induced, self-limiting)
- feline disease
-
mycoplasma cynos
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- canine rapidly spreading pneumonia, with other diseases like bordatella
-
mycoplasma pulmonis
- pleiomorphic cells, stain gram -, no outer membrane or cell wall. Membrane has cholesterol.
- low grade respiratory disease with purulent nasal exudate, rubbing of eyes and nose, wheezing
- rats and mice
-
histophilus somni
- gram negative facultative anaerobe bacillus
- commensal of respiratory tract
- transmission by inhalation
- thrombotic meningoencephalitis
- neuro signs in calves (Stress, fall/winter) - recumbent, ADR, ataxia, knucking, crossing over
- multifocal hemorrhagic necrosis in brain
- dx at necropsy (lesions, tissue, blood agar)
- IV abx (oxytetracycline)
- bacterin vaccine for partial protection
-
aspergillus
- mold with septate hyphae, reproduce with phialconidia (aspergillus fumigatus)
- natural inhabitant of soil
- transmission by inhalation, ingestion
- outbreaks due to overgrowth in hay, compost, silage, etc.
- Brooder pneumonia in birds (dyspnea, gasping, accelerated breathing, inappetance, listless, weight loss)
- nasal aspergillosis in dogs (sneezing, d/c, pain, ulceration of external nares)
- gutteral pouch mycosis in horses (vague URI, epistaxis)
- biopsy/scraping. Phialoconidia seen in air passages. Culture on dextrose agar.
- antifungals for dogs and horses (not effective), not cost effective for fowl. PREVENTION.
- It's EVERYWHERE, so culture doesn't matter without symptoms.
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