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To ensure optimal performance from your microscope , the lenses must be periodically ___ and __ if necessary.
checked; cleaned
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to test the ocular for cleanliness, ______ it between your fingers while looking at it
rotate
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STEP 1
After plugging in your microscope, turn on the ___ using the ____ ___ switch
illuminator; dial power
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step 2
what should you do if the scanning objective is not in place?
- rotate the nose piece so that the 4x lens clicks into position
- .the objective will be perpendicular to the stage
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STEP 3
swing the stage clip out to the left and place your slide so that it lies flat on the mechanical stage. Center the specimen beneath the __ objective by ___ the stage___ nobs
scanning; rotating; travel
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STEP 4
Turn the __ focus knob to __ the stage to its ___height
coarse; raise; maximum
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STEP 5
__ through the oculars., Rotate the ___ knob so the condenser is 1 or 2 mm below its highest position. the circle of light is the microscopic ___ of __.
look;condenser; field, view
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STEP 6
when your eyes are on the field, slowly rotate the __ knob to __ the stage. when the sample comes into view, use the __ focus knob to ____ the image
coarse, lower; sharpen
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STEP 7
light intensity can be adjusted with what?
what should the light intensity be the same as?
iris diaphragm control lever.
light intensity should be similar to room lighting
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STEP 8
How do you move the specimen side to side and up and down
mechanical stage
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what is meant by working distance
the amount of space between slide and objective when the specimen is in focus
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what is an ocular?
eyepieces that that magnify the image transmitted by the objective lens
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what is an objective?
a large single lens that enlarges the specimen
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adjustable knob on the head of the microscope that changes the magnification of the objective through a continuous range with no image black out
magnification black out
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describe STAGE PLATE
circular plate of glass above the base for placement of the specimen
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the supportive platform of the microscope
base
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the region that connects the base to the head
arm
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the support for the ocular objective and objective lenses
head
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circular knob on either side of the arm that provides coarse focus
focus knob
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a rotatable ring at the base of the left ocular that brings this lens into focus simultaneously with the right ocular
diopter ring
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a plate to which the objectives are attached, it rotates so that the objectives of different magnifications can be used
revolving nose piece
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substage lens that directs a narrow beam of light concentrated light to the objective to enhance resolution
condenser
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what is depth of focus (depth of field)
it determines how much background or foreground area is simultaneously in focus
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platform which slide is placed and moved
mechanical stage
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what happens to the depth of focus when the magnification is increased?
depth of focus will decrease
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the __ ring ensures that once a specimen is clearly focused for a particular observer's right eye, it will also be in focus for the left eye
diopter
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How does an objective's numerical aperture relate to resolution
the higher the N.A number the more light enters the lens, and the greater the resolution
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N.A or numerical aperture refers to what?
the light gathering ability of the lens
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illuminator
an electric light source inside of the base that provides illumination for the compound lens system
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what happens to the working distance when the magnification is increased
working distance decreases
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which objective should you place in the vertical position when storing the compound microscope
10x / scan
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what is happening during this phase
- -cytokinesis takes places
- -cytoplasmic contents is apportioned to each new daughter cell
- -when cytoplasmic division has ended the daughter cells enters interphase
- -the cell grows a to the same size as the original cell
- -mitosis can begin
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what is happening during this phase
- -chromatids separate from one another
- once they are all seprated they are called chromosomes
- cleavage furrow begins to appear
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cleavage furrow
is the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division
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- -centrioles have completed the migration to opposite side of the cell
- equator or meta phase = when sister -chromatids are aligned on opposites of the mid-line
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what is histology
the study of tissues, groups of cells that together accomplish what cells in isolation could not
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what does the epithelium cover
the outer surface of the body and all organs, and lines all tubes, cavities and most organs
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name the features of epithelial tisues
- -all epithelial tissues are characterized by an apical (free) surface, that is the cells border on open space, such as those facing the lumen (interior space) of a hollow organ
- cells are closely packed together
- there is a complete abscence of blood cells
- epithelial tissue lies upon a membane known as basal lamina
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describe what a squamous cell looks like
flat and thin
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describe what a cuboidal cell looks like
roughly cubed shaped. in 2D view they almost appear square
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descibe what a columnar cell looks like
they are taller than they are wide and take on a rectangular appearance when cut lengthwise
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-describe what transitional epithelium looks like
-where is found?
the shape varies between cuboidal and squamous. this cell is multilayered and changes , for example depending on if the urinary bladder is distended by urine
it it found exclusively in the urinary system
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basement membrane what does it do
it stabilizes the structure, it is not living
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arrangement if epithelial cell layers:
simple epithelium
single layer of cells
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aarangement of epithelial cell layers
stratified epithelium
2 or more layer of cells
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appears to have several layers, but is actually composed of a single layer, with all cells toughing the basal lamina
pseudostratified epithelium
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simple squamous epithelium
what is its function?
the single layer of flat cells is well adapted to rapid transfer of fluids and solutes (filtration and absorption through the single celled walls of capillaries) and diffusion (as of respiratory gases through air sac walls into and out of the blood stream).
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simple squamous epithelium
name the 2 locations this tissue is found in
(1) endothelium: lines the heart and all blood and lymphatic vessels
(2) Mesothelium: found in the walls of air sacs (alveoli of the lungs and the glomerular capsules of the kidney.
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SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
name this tissues location
lines the kidney tubules and ducts of glands
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NONCILLIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
name the location:
the g.i tract, beginning at the stomach and the walls of ducts and many types of glands
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NONCILIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
FUNCTION
secretion of digestive juices and ABSORPTION of nutrients and water salts, the mucus via globlet cells and the mucous membranne formed by the epithelium and underlying connective tissue LUBRICATES & PROTECTS
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NONCILLIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
describe what it looks like
- sngle oval nuclei near the surface contains microvilli that looks like a "brush border
- - modifid columnar cells resemble champagne because of the accumulated mucus in the upper part of the cell
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CILLIATED SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
location
Fallopian tubes, uterus and some of the small airways (bronchioles) of the lungs
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Cilliated simple columnar epithelium
function
- sweeping action of cillia moves eggs cells through he uterine tube after ovulation into uterus.
- the cillia is very important in the airways and helps immune system response to inhaled particles, moving them-along with mucus that traps them-away from the lungs and into the throat
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PSEUDO STRATIFIED CILLIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
location
most airways of the upper and lower respiratory tracts
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pseudostratified cilliated columnar epthelium
function
cilliated form sweeps away mucus bound debris in the respiratory tract
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stratified squamous epithelium
location of the keratinized and non keratinized
keratinized form of the stratified form of stratied squamous: skin (epidermis)
non keratinized form: mucous membrane lining of mouth, pharynx, esophagus vagina and anus
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stratified squamous epithelium
function
protection against water loss mechanical stress and microbial invasion
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transitional epithelium
location
lining of the bladder and ureters and proximal urethra
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transitional epithelium
function
allows urinary organs to expand without rupturing
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Connective tissue- ADIPOSE TISSUE
location
shock absorbing pad around the heart kidneys and eyeball
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connective tissue
adipose tissue
function
- supports and protects organs; insulatresagaindt heat loss through the skin acts as an energy reserve
- it also stores the maximum amount of triglycerides
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connective tissue is the most__ tissue in the bodyy and appears in many __ forms
abundant; diverse
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bone/ osseous tissue
makes up the rigid infrastructure that supports the body as whole and protects internal organs
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ligaments
what type of connective tissue is it?
what do they do?
- dense connective tisssue
- bind bones together
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tendons
what type of connective tissue is it
what is the function
- dense connective tissue
- connects muscle to bone
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE
areolar tissue
soft packing matrial that surrounds and cushions organs
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adipose tissue
insuates and cushions organs and is a storage depot for fat
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hempoietic
blood forming tissue, produces blood cells
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general characteristics of connective tissue
- cells are spaced relatively apart
- rich blood supply (except tendons and cartilage)
- ics is abundant
- never exposed to cavity enviroment
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AREOLAR CONNECCTIVE TISSUE
location:
part of the of the subcutaneous tissue ( beneath the skin, and is found as a packing material around organs
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areolar connective tssue
function
STRONG ( due to presence of collagenous fibers) and elastic ( due to fibers containing elastin) SUPPORT
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NAME this cell
state its function
state its location
- -name: adipocyte
- -function: supports protects and insulates organs against heat loss though the skin, acts as an energy reserve
- -location: follows distribution pattern of aereolar connective tissue ( heart, kidney's , eyeball and membranes external to he stomach and intestines
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Reticular tissue
location
supportive framework of the spleen,lymph nodes, dead or worn out blood cells in spleen
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reticular tissue
function
- supports organs internally
- the fibers filter microbes in lymph nodes and dead or worn out blood cells in spleen
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what is this
reticular tissue
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what is stroma
huge network of reticular fibers found in an organ having a supportive function
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dense regular connective tissue
location:
reticular region of the skin's dermis, peritoneum of bone, perchOndrium cartilage fibrous layer of PERICARDIUM
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DENSE REGUALR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
function
the nonparallel arrangement of collagen fibers strongly resist pulling forces in many diecctions
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what is this
dense regular tissue
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hylaline cartilage
location
respiratory tract ( nose, larynx, trachea and bronchi); ends of bones, joints; embryonic and fetal skeleton
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hyaline cartiilage
functions
provides support, flexibility and protection, provides joints with slippery surface during movement
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what is this
hyaline cartilage
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fibrous cartilage
location:
intervertebral disc, menisci
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fibrous cartilage
function: provides support for the joints it holds together
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what is this
fibrous cartilage
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elastic catilage
location
epiglottis external part of the ear
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elastic cartilage
function
provides strength and elasiticity
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what is this
elastic cartilage
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blood smear
location
plasma blood vessels and heart chambers
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blood smear
function
- rbcs: transport o2 and co2 throughout the body
- wbcs: phagocytosis and antibody production
- platelets: blood clotting
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name and distinguish the cells within the blood smear
rbc wbc platelet
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smooth muscle location and its second name
describe what it looks like
- within the walls of internal organs and blood vessels and id nonstriated
- thin and spindle shaped with tapered ends and a single central nucleus
- -visceral muscle
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skeletal muscle
location
attatched to bones via tendons except facial muscles
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skeletal muscle tissue
function
body movements, maintaining posture, protection of underlying structures and generation of heat
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what is this
smooth muscle tissue
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smooth muscle tissue
function
movement, constriction of blood vessels and airways
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smooth muscle location
wall of stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, blood vessels airways and the iris of the eye
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nervous tissue location
nervous system
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nervous tissue function
neurons generate nerve impulses that influence muscles and glands, neuralgia provide neurons with nutritional, antimicrobial and physical support
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