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In cellular respiration, glucose gives up ATP, by using ______. The waste products will be ____ & _____
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Every other molecule we eat is converted into _______ or other molecules that will go through a similar _____ pathway.
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The metabolic pathway for food stuff ingested will always be _______ reaction
enzymatic
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The complete combustion of glucose yields _____ kcal/mol which is a lot of energy and must be released _______.
- -686 kcal/mol
- incrementally
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The energy that allows you to make ATP is derived from the combustion of _____. ATP is then used ______ to power the cell. We breakdown food ______ and use the products to form ATP ______
- glucose
- exergonically
- exergonically
- endergonically
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The metabolic pathway that leads to either cellular respiration or fermentation: (3,2,3)
- Photosynthesis mass produces glucose with CO2 (endergonic)
- The glucose is then broken from a 6-carbon molecule into two 3-carbon molecules. This is called glycolysis and it is exergonic
- The resulting molecule from glycolysis is pyruvate (exergonic)
- If O2 is present (aerobic):
- A)We will use the energy from that to produce about 32 ATP
- B)Waste product H2O & CO2
If O2 is not present (anaerobic):
- A)Anaerobic fermentation
- B)Net result is 2 ATP
- C)Yeast can survive off of this style (small amounts of oxygen unlike us)
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If a molecule gains an electron, it has been ______. If a molecule has lost an electron, it has been ______. ______ is the loss of one or more electrons. The reducing agent is _______ and the oxidizing agent is _______.
- reduced
- oxidized
- oxidation
- oxidized
- reduced
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ATP is produced from the _______ of glucose. _____ is usually the greatest reducing agent
- oxidation (stealing its electrons)
- oxygen
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Cellular respiration begins with ______ that occurs in the _______/_______
- glycolysis
- cytosol/cytoplasm
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What type of fermentation do humans undergo
Lactic acid fermentation
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What is inside the mitochondrial matrix?
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Electron transport chain occurs along the ______ in the mitochondria
cristae aka inner membrane
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Glycolysis/pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle broad strokes story: (9)
- Glycolysis is just 10 enzymatic reactions
- Starts with a substrate which is glucose, hexokinase is the first enzyme and we get a product, which happens to be the substrate for the next enzyme
- That enzyme (*phosphohexose isomerase) will modify the substrate and pass it along to enzyme #3 (phosophofructokinase)
- The product of the reaction with #3 will be the substrate for enzyme #4 (aldolase)
- This continues on and the end result is pyruvate.
- Pyruvate will make its way into the matrix where "pyruvate oxidation" will occur aka losing its electrons
- As a result, the citric acid cycle is based around the loss of all electrons
- Lost electrons will be used to do work in the electron transport chain along the cristae
- End result of all this is to make ATP
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The purpose of glycolysis is to make ______ because its the only thing that can get inside the ______ _____
- pyruvate
- mitochondrial matrix
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Glycolysis has a net product of ___ ATPs, ___ pyruvates, & ___ NADHs. It also generates ____ CO2. For instance if we started with 6 glucose carbon molecules, ____ carbon molecules will enter the mitochondria. No ______ occurs
- 2 pyruvates, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
- no CO2
- 6 carbon molecules
- decarboxylation
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The most valuable product of glycolysis is _____ because of all the ____ it can yield to produce ATP. The second most valuable is _____ which will give us _____ electrons that can give us more ATP
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Kreb cycle aka
citric acid cycle
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Which is more valuable NADH produced in the matrix or oustide? Why?
Inside the matrix, because it costs energy to transport it into the matrix
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Phosphorylation means from ATP to substrate, while substrate-level phosphorylation means from, for instance a glucose derivative to _____ to make ____
ADP to make ATP
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Glycolysis (feature length story):
just call the products glucose derivatives
*= not tested
- Hexokinase is bigger than glucose, and would have glucose at its active site as well as ATP for phosphorylation.
- The reaction that would be catalyzed would be the transfer of a phosphate onto the glucose
- The product would be (*glucose 6-phosphate) G6P which will be the substrate for next enzyme (*phosphohexose isomerase)
- The importance of this reaction is that it produces F6P (*fructose 6-phosphate), the only thing that can bind to the next enzyme phosphofructokinase
- Keep in mind: at the active site of phosphofructokinase there will be F6P and ATP (in order to phosphorylate F6P and create FBP)
- The enzyme for the substrate FBP (fructose 1,6 biphosphate or just glucose derivative) will be aldolase
- Aldolase will break FBP into two products, we still have our 6 carbons they're just in two 3-carbon molecules.
- The products will be *dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DAP) & glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate aka G3P (most important)
- DAP is converted into G3P anyway by an enzyme (*some isomerase)
- Most important point is aldolase leads to two 3 carbon molecules that are very electron rich, (there have been no redox reactions of any kind)
- The next enzyme (will be *triose phosphate dehydrogenase) which will catalyzes a (the 1st) redox reaction and catalyzed insertion of an inorganic phosphate (not considered conventional phosphorylation)
- Inorganic phosphate will bind to the active cite and the enzyme will place it on the molecule
- The result: since there are 2 G3Ps, each will get a phosphate and will lose 2 electrons
- The 4 electrons lost will be transferred to NADH
- The product will be BPG (glucose derivative) the substrate for the next enzyme *phosphoglycerate kinase
- Phosphoglycerate kinase will catalyze substrate-level phosphorylation on two 3-carbon molecules that will result in our next glucose derivatives *two 3PGs
- The process repeats for 2 more low profile enzymes: *phosphoglyceromutase & *enolase.
- Point is the eventual product will be pyruvate kinase and the product of this will be the star of the show: pyruvate & 2nd ATP. This will be done via substrate-level phosphorylation
- At this point we've made 4 ATPs, and lost 2 ATPs
- We still need to get rid of A LOT of energy so we will have to oxidize pyruvate
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Pyruvate oxidation implies? Pyruvate oxidation can be seen as _______ which will be the production of ____ and removal of ____
- stealing electrons from pyruvate
- decarboxylation
- CO2
- Carbon
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Pyruvate oxidation story (4):
- Active transport is used to transport the 2 pyruvates &NADHs produced during glycolysis into the mitochondrial matrix
- There we will come across a really large enzyme complex (pyruvate dehydrogenase) that will turn 3-carbon pyruvate (the substrate) into 2-carbon acetate, burning our 1st carbon
- At the same time, pyruvate dehydrogenase will add coenzyme A to acetate yielding acetyl CoA (important because that’s the only way it'll react with the next enzyme)
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Free energy summary before pyruvate oxidation: Will have gotten ____ energy from glucose as possible. We won't have made any ___, but the energy will be held up in _____ _____. All the electrons will move from ______ molecules to _____ _____ and a couple of ____ will have been made along the way.
- ALL
- ATP
- electron carriers
- glucose molecules
- electron carriers
- ATP
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Glycolysis is an _______ reaction because we put ______ _____ into the reaction
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The generated ATP in glycolysis is used by the cell and the pyruvate and NADH is moved to the _______ _____
mitochondrial matrix
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Pruvate oxidation summary: (3)
- 2 decarboxylation events (1 per molecule)
- 2 coenzyme As added
- 2 NADHs yielded
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For the citric acid cycle the only enzyme names that are need to know are _______ which is the beginning product & ______ which is the end product.
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Oxaloacetate will be the most ______ and citrate will be the highly _______.
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______ is added to oxaloacetate to make citrate and it is very _____ ____ although they are eventually removed.
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What we need for the citric acid cycle (6):
- Acetyl CoA (electron source)
- GDP
- Electron carriers:Water, FAD & NAD+
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Purpose of the citric acid cycle is to move electrons from _____ ____ to which 2 destinations?
- Acetyl CoA
- FAD to make FADH2
- NAD+ to make NADH
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The most important product of pyruvate oxidation is ______ ___
Acetyl CoA
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Citric acid story
- 1st) In the first reaction we will add Acetyl CoA (2carbons) to oxaloacetate (4carbons) to get citrate (6carbon molecules) this will cost our coenzyme A
- 2nd) From isocitrate to a-ketogluterate there is a redox reaction (NAD+-NADH) and there is a decarboxylation
- 3rd) From a-ketogluterate to succinyl CoA there is a redox reaction, a decarboxylation and an addition of Acetyl CoA. We've also lost all 3 of the carbons by this point remember one is lost in pyruvate oxidation. There are however, some electrons to pick up
- 4th) From succinyl CoA to succinate we will catalyze a reaction that produces GTP and transfer that a phosphate to that GTP to make 2 ATPs
- 5th) From succinate to fumarate there is a redox reaction
- 6th) From fumurate to malate there is a redox reaction
- 7th) from malate to oxaloacetate there is a redox reaction
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From a-ketogluterate to succinyl CoA there is a redox reaction, a decarboxylation and an addition of Acetyl CoA. This is basically _____ ______
pyruvate oxidation
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Citric acid cycle summary products:
6NADH, 2FADH, 2ATP, 4CO2 burned
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Citric acid cycle occurs in the _____ _____
mitochondrial matrix
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Story about ATP binding at active and regulatory site during glycolysis:
- All enzymes are expected to have two sites, Active sites and regulatory sites
- Phosphofructokinase will phosphorylate aka transfer a phosphate from ATP to the glucose derivative
- The products: ADP & a phosphorylated glucose derivative
- ATP will also bind to the regulatory site of the enzyme (fructose 6 -phosphate)
- This is a noncompetitive inhibition (not bound to the active site) so what will happen?
- Result is a conformational change that halts the reaction
- If ATP is bound to the regulatory site, there will be no phosphorylation (homeostatic mechanism)
- Keep in mind the regulatory site has a very high affinity for ATP. Even if the concentration of ATP is low, it can still bind, however, is more likely to bind to the active site
- Either way, this binding will stop phosphorylation of the glucose derivative. ATP will not be allowed to transfer its phosphate.
- This will stop: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electric transport chain, ATP production
- If you reduced the regulatory site's affinity for ATP, what would have to happen for ATP to still bind? ATP concentration would have to increase
- The point of cellular respiration is to make more ATP. When we have made a lot, ATP will bind to the regulatory site on the enzyme which will lead to a halting of the reaction that is producing ATP.
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