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when psychologist speak of lifespan development, they are referring to an approach that emphasizes__
the periods of the human life span involving both growth and decline
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developmental psychologist suggest that some characteristics are of interest to professionals from more than one particularly field of study. Which characteristic of development does his suggest?
development is multidisciplinary
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unusual occurences that have a major impact on an individuals life and are usually not applicable to many people are called:
nonnormative life events
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sociocultural context include 4 important concepts: culture, ethinicity, socioeconomic status and gender. which of these 4 concepts could be defined as "the behavior patterns, beliefs and all other products of a particular group of people that are passed from one generation to the next
culture
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normative age-graded influence
plasticity
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psychologist have learned that the ability to control one's environment can have a powerful effect on a person's health. they have also learned that poor health can influence intellectual functioning. This is an example of:
the joint influence of biological and cognitive processes
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which of the following is not an example of a cognitive process
an infants response to its mothers touch
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which of the following statements regarding developmentalist and their positions on the issues of nature- nuture- continuity and discontinuity and stability -change is true
most developmentalist recognize that taking extreme positions on these issues is unwise
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the process we refer to when changes in an individuals thoughts, intelligence and language is the ____ process
cognitive
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the most important issues in they study of development include all of the following except
masculinity and feminity
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freud is associated with which theoretical perspective
psychoanalytic
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which psychologist contended trust vs mistrust
erikson
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the criticisms of psycholanalytic theories include all of the following except
there is skepticism about the pureness of piagets stages
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the theory that emphasizes that individuals manipulate information, monitor it and strategize about is called the ___ theory
information processing
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which of the following statements is an assumption of vygotsy's perspective on development
children are active in their construction of their understanding of the world around them
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which psychologist responsible for originating the theory of attachment
jon bowlby
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__ is to operant conditioning as __ is to social cognitive theory
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according to bronfrenner's theory, the macrosystem is
the culture in which individuals live
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which type of research method involves an in depth look at one individual
case study
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which research strategy simultaneously compares individuals of different ages
cross sectional
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which of the following emotions is not generally seen in very young infants
shame
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what type of cry is characterized by rhythmic pattern of cry, brief silence, short whistle and a brief rest before the next cry
basic cry
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baby joshua lets out a long initial cry followed by an extended period of long breath holding. this pattern describes a __ cry
pain
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for the average infant, social smiles appear as early as __ in response to a care givers voice
4 weeks
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3 types of infants temperament
- 1. easy
- 2. difficult
- 3. east to warm up
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baby liza has a low activity level is somewhat negative and displays a low intensity of mood. she would best be described as
slow-to warm up
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__ refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with
goodness of fit
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which of eriksons stages emphasizes the development of independence during the second year of life?
autonomy vs shame and doubt
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frued emphasized that the infant becomes attached to the person that provides
oral satisfaction
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according to Bowlby in which phase do infants develop specific attachments
phase 1
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Mai uses her mother as a secure base from which to explore her environment. which type of baby would she be
securely attatched
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which caregiver style is related to insecure resistant style of attachment in infants
inconsistently available and usually not affectionate
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the principle of reciprocal socialization suggest that
parents and children both socialize each other
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__ is parental behavior that supports children behavior that supports children's efforts, allowing them to be more skillful then they would be if they were to rely solely on their abilities
scaffolding
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which of the following countries has the most extensive family leave policy for new families
sweden
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regarding gender differences in parental caregiving, which of the following statements are true
maternal interactions usually center on child activities such as feeding, changing diapers and bathing
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the national longitudinal study of child care conducted in 1991 revealed that
by 4 months of age mostly infants entered some form of nonmaternal child care
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which of Erickson's stages of personality development emphasizes the need for an infants environment to be consistently nurturant
independence vs dependence
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the mirror technique was devised as a means of assessing an infants
self-recognition
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the evolutionary process that favors individuals of a species that are best adapted to survive and reproduce is called ____
natutural selection
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one idea proposed by evolutionary developmental psychologist is that:
evolved psychological mechanisms are domain-specific
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_____ is the specialized form of cell division that produces an egg and a sperm
meosis
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humans have __ pairs of chromosomes in normal development cases
23
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phenotype includes what kind of information
psychological and physical characteristics
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emily has brown eyes, she has a dominant and recessive gene. when we describe her actual genetic makeup we are talking about __
genotype
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genetic disorder that affects the shape of the RBC's is called
sickle cell anemia
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which sex linked chromosomal abnormality occurs when males have an extra x chromosome?
klinefelter syndrome
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PKU is a _____
genetic disorder that impairs the metabolizing of a specific , naturally occurring amino acid
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a __ is someone who seeks to discover the influence of heredity and enviroment are correlated except
provacative genotype-enviroment correlations
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what is a trophoblast
the outer layer of cells that develop during the germinal period
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the edndoderm, mesoderm and the ectoderm develop during the __ period
embryonic
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which layer of the embryonic cells eventually becomes the circulatory system, bones, excretory system, reproductive system and muscles
mesoderm
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which of the following is not part of the embryonic period
creation of the zygote
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which is the longest period of prenatal development
fetal
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____ is/ are factors that cause birth defects
tetragens
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FASD refers to a cluster of abnormalities caused by
drinking alcohol during pregnancy
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which of the following statements regarding prenatal development risk is true
maternal nutrition plays a large role in prenatal development
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in __ stage of labor , contractions cause the woman's cervix to stretch
1
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the surgical removal of the baby from the uterus is called a/an
cesarean
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babies born after a regular period of gestation but weighing less than ___ pounds are called low-birthweight infants
5 1/2
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regarding bonding, which of the following statements is false
there is immediate postnatal bonding is critical to the development of complement intelligent infant
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the __ principle of development suggest that growth begins at the top (the head) of the body and moves downward.
cephalocaudal
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the average north american __ inches long and weighs ___ lbs
20 inches and 7lbs
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at birth the newborns brain is about ___ % of its adult weight
25
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which of the following about REM sleep of a newborn is false
the amount of time spent in REM sleep increases with age
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which of the following is not a risk factor for SIDS
being hispanic
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which of the following is a nutritional recommendation for infants
overall, breast milk is preferable as to formula unless there is a compelling reason not to breastfeed
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