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Earth's energy budget
Balance between shortwave radiation from Sun and infared(longwave) radiation transferred back into space
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Solar Radiation Budget (%s)
- 100% incoming
- 29% reflected by clouds, surface, etc. (Planetary Albedo)
- 23% absorbed by water vapor, dust, ozone
- 48% absorbed at earth's surface
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Longwave Radiation Budget
- 48% absorbed
- 5% lost to convection to space
- Evaporation 25%
- Longwave Radiation 18%
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Convection:
combined process of conduction and advection
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Sensible Heat Flux
when earth's surface heats the adjacent atmosphere
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latent heat flux
energy stored in water vapor caused from evaporation
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The Greenhouse Effect
- energy absorbed by greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere
- energy re-emitted as longwave radiation, heating lower atmosphere and earth's surface
- Earth's energy budget stays balanced, but increases mean global temp from 0°F to 57°F
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Greenhouse effect factors:
- Water vapor has short atmospheric lifetime and concentration is stable
- Carbon dioxide and methane have lower concentrations but lifetime is long; their concentration is rising
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The "Keeling Curve"
- Shows Carbon dioxide concentration since 1960
- Sept 17, 2016 Reading: 401.81 ppm
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Incoming shortwave radiation is dealt with by:
- Albedo
- Absorbtion
- Transmission
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Outgoing longwave radiation is dealt with by:
- convection
- evaporation
- re-radiation
- greenhouse effect
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How air would move if the Earth didn't rotate
- Rises at equator and moves north/south
- Air cools and descends to surface, moves towards equator
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Latitudinal energy gradient:
Earth's Heat Engine
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Convection
hotter air rises, lower air sinks
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Law of Mass Continentality:
states empty spaces are not tolerated in fluids
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Depression
low-pressure area in relation to surrounding areas
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Anticyclone
high pressure area at surface that is greater than its surrounding environment
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The Coriolis effect
the deflection of objects moving in a straight path relative to the Earth's surface
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Earth's rotational direction?
- West to East
- (counter clockwise when looking at N pole)
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Circulation Graph:
name 4 lat pressure zones
name 3 vert cells of at circulation
name 3 sets of predominate winds
use arrows
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