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The noncellular substances found between the cells are known as
intercellular substances
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What are the functions of the intercellular substance
holds the cells together and provides for passage of nutrients and waste materials from the cells to the capillaries and vice versa
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structures produced by cells composed of complicated molecules
fibers
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specialized organs inside cytoplasm
organelles
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Each cell consist of a
- membrane
- cytoplasm
- organelles
- inclusions
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Exocytosis
active transport of material from within the cell into the extracellular environment
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Endocytosis
taking up materials from the environment (extracellular) into the cell
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What are the two types of endocytosis
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What is pinocytosis
extracellular fluid is ingested by the cell, like drinking in of fluid
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What is phagocytosis
the engulfing and then digesting of solid waste and foreign material by the cell
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What is another name for cell membrane
Plasma
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What are some organelles inside the cell
- Nucleus
- Mitochondria
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic reticulum
- Golgi complex
- Lysosomes
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cytoplasm contains the structures necessary
for adsorption and for creation of cell products
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Inactive cells often have a ______ , _______ nucleus without _______
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Nucleolus
round, dense bodies that put together the RNA contained in the nucleus
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ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM WITH RIBOSOMES
- Parallel membrane-bound sacs that contain newly acquired and synthesized protein
- Protein producing factories The ribosomes tell the ER what to make
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What is the function of the GOLGI’S APPARATUS
HELPS TO SORT, CONDENSE, PACKAGE AND DELIVER PROTEINS ARRIVING FROM THE E.R.
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What is the function of the MITOCHONDRIA
They are important in generating energy and a major source of ATP
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What are LYSOSOMES
Small, membrane-bound organelles that contain a variety of acid hydrolase and digestive enzymes to help break down substances inside and outside the cell
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What are inclusions
These are not actually produced in the cell, but are stored in the cell to be used at a later time. These include fat droplets, and glycogen. These are NOT organelles
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Extensions from the cell membrane
cilia or flagella
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What is the function of the cilia/flagella
These increase the surface area of the cell, help move substances along the surface of the cell or may help with cell mobility
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What are the four phases of mitosis
- prophase
- metaphase
- anaphase
- telophase
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What events occur in the prophase
the genetic material forms chromosomes and the nucleolus and nucleus lose their membranes
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What events occur during metaphase
where the chromosomes line up along the midline of the cell.
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What events happen during anaphase
where the chromosomes split and migrate toward opposite ends of the cell
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What events happen during telephase
the cells split into two daughter cells
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What are the four basic tissues
- epithelial
- connective
- muscle
- nerve tissues
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What is epithelium
the tissue that covers and lines the external and internal body surfaces including blood and lymph vessels, small cavities within the body
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What is the function of epithelium
serves as a protective covering and also controls tissue absorption and secretion
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Epithelium of the skin and oral regions is derived from
ectoderm
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Epithelial tissue renews itself by
mitosis
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Epithelial cells are closely bound to each other by
desmosomes
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Epithelial cells are ________and cellular nutrition are obtained by _______
- avascular: no blood supply
- diffusion from the underlying connective tissue
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The superficial part of the basement membrane is called the
basal lamina
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Basil lamina is produced by the
epithelium
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What are the two layers of the basal lamina
lamina lucida and lamina densa
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The _______ is a clear layer that is closest to the epithelium
lamina lucida
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The ______ is a dense layer, which is closer to the connective tissue
lamina densa
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The deeper layer of the basement membrane is called the ________ which consist of ________ produced by the ______
- reticular lamina
- collagen fibers
- underlying connective tissue
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Describe transitional epithelium and what is an example
- epithelium which when stretched out looks like stratified squamous and when relaxed looks like stratified cuboidal
- Ex. epithelium lining the bladder
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Where is simple epithelium found
only in areas of the body that are subjected to little or no friction in functional use
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Stratified epithelium consists of cells that are
similar in shape but are arranged in layers
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The most sturdy of all of the epithelium is the
stratified squamous epithelium
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Stratified squamous epithelium makes up both the surface of the ______ and the surface of the ______
- skin
- mucous membranes of the oral cavity
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The epithelial cells of the deepest layer are called
basal cells
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Basal cells undergoes frequent ______ which causes them to _______
- mitosis
- slowly move toward the outer surface
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keratinized layer
- a tough resistant layer
- dead surface cells lose their nuclei
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The most heavily keratinized epithelium of the body is found on the
palms of the hands and soles of the feet
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Covering and lining epithelium do not contain
blood vessels
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_________ and ________ occur as the lining of some of the larger ducts of glands, such as the large ducts of the major salivary glands
Stratified cuboidal and stratified columnar epithelium
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__________ make up the epithelial part of the mucous membrane that lines the upper respiratory tract
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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The tissue renewal rate is high for
epithelial tissues
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The gingival epithelium that attaches to the tooth surface (epithelial attachment) has a renewal rate of about
4 to 6 days
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The renewal rate of the cheek is
10 to 14 days
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Glands fall under the classification of ______ because of the way they develop
epithelium
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The epithelial cells of glandular tissue grow _______ into the future ______ and develop _______ shapes connected to the surface by ______
- downward
- connective tissue
- sack-like
- tubes
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secretory units
sacs formed, which will be covered in connective tissue
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The tubes leading away from the secretory unit are the gland _____
ducts
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glands that have ducts are called
exocrine
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glands that do not have ducts are called
endocrine glands
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What is the function of the gland ducts
help lead the cell product out of the gland to the surface of the epithelium
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A gland with units shaped like a grape are called
acinar glands
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Glands with one secretory unit are called
simple glands
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glands with multiple secretory units are called
compound glands
-
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A gland that consist of only one cell
goblet cell
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Where are goblet cells found
Goblet cells are seen in the small and large intestine and in the mucosa of the trachea and bronchi
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A good example of the simple straight tubular gland is
the intestinal gland in the digestive tract.
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what are compound tubular glands
glands which have tubular secretory units that open into a branching duct system
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What is this a pic of and name the structures 
- Hemidesmosomes
- TONOFILAMENTS
- ATTACHMENT PLAQUE
- COLLAGENFIBERS
- CONNECTIVE TISSUE
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