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What are signs that a patient is dyspneic? (8)
- increased RR
- abnormal resp pattern
- audible sounds (stertor, stridor)
- orthopneic posture
- flared nostrils
- cyanosis
- abnormal auscultation
- open-mouth breathing
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What signs initially localize to the upper airways? (2) What disorders commonly affect the upper airways? (2)
- stridor/ stertor
- long inspiratory time
- laryngeal paralysis
- nasopharyngeal obstruction
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What signs initially localize to the lower airways and pleural space? (4)
- increased expiratory effort
- short/ shallow breathing
- crackles
- wheezes
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What are emergency treatment options for small animal are for large animal?
- SA: oxygen, sedation, intubation or trachestomy
- LA: tracheostomy, nasal intubation
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What are methods of delivering supplemental oxygen for animals with lower airway disease or pleural space disease? (4)
flow-by, face mask, nasal cannula, oxygen cage
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What are the emergency treatments for animals with lower airway, parenchymal, or pleural space disease? (5)
- supplemental OXYGEN
- +/- sedation
- specific treatments: bronchodilators (bronchoconstriction), chest tube (pleural effusion), furosemide (pulmonary edema)
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What are causes of ventilatory failure? (5)
- respiratory fatigue
- cyanosis
- hypoxemia
- hypoventilation
- persistent increased work of breathing
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What is the initial diagnostic plan (emergency situation) for a dyspneic patient? (3)
- pulse oximetry (normal >97%)
- venous blood gas analysis
- thoracic FAST
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When a dyspneic patient is stabilized, what diagnostics will you go to? (4)
- thoracic rads
- transtracheal wash or BAL
- arterial blood gas analysis
- endoscopy
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What is a general treatment plan for a dyspneic patient? (7)
- supplemental oxygen
- sedation- butorphanol, acepromazine
- tracheostomy, intubation for URT obstruction
- bronchodilator for asthma or RAO
- thoracocentesis for effusion or pneumothorax
- sx for diaphragmatic hernia or lung lobe torsion
- furosemide for pulmonary edema
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