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What are the three stages of prenatal development?
- 1. Germinal Period
- -The period in prenatal development from conception to two weeks after conception, when the zygote divides rapidly and implants in the uterine wall.
- 2.Embryonic Period
- -2 weeks to 2 months
- -the most important time for physical development of the spinal cord, brain, and all internal organs, including the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, and sex organs. This stage is considered to be the critical time for organ formation.
- 3. Fetal Period
- -2 months until birth
- -no new structures develop
- -begins to move muscles
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What are the significant developments that occur in each stage (prenatal stages)?
- 1. Germinal Period
- -the union of egg and sperm forms a zygote that implants in the uterine wall within 2 weeks.
- 2. Embryonic Period
- -the organs develop in the embryo.
- -when the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structures begin to form in the embryo.
- 3. Fetal Period
- -from 2 months until birth, is a time of tremendous physical growth and brain development that prepares the baby to survive outside the womb.
- -when the brain continues developing, bodily structures are refined, and the fetus grows in length and weight and accumulates fat in preparation for birth.
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What reflexes and sensory abilities does the newborn possess?
- 1. Reflexes
- -When an infant is stroked at the corner of her mouth, she will show the rooting reflex.
- -If she finds a nipple where she has turned, the infant will show the sucking reflex. Automatically closing her mouth on the nipple, she will begin to suck to eat.
- -Grasping reflex: If you stroke an infant’s palm, he automatically curls his fingers around the stroked area.
- 2. Sensory
- -hearing, seeing, smelling, tasting, and perceiving touch.
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What are their preferences in terms of vision, hearing, and taste? (Newborns)
- 2. Hearing
- -Can hear well
- -startle at loud noises
- -ability to recognize and discriminate her mother’s voice
- 3. Taste
- -Sweet Taste because breast milk sweet
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Discuss Harlow's experiment and the implications for comforting touch in newborn development.
- -Harlow placed infant rhesus monkeys in a cage with two surrogate “mothers.” One mother was made of wire and provided milk.
- -monkeys approached the wire mother, the mother with food, only when they were hungry. The rest of the day, they clung to the cloth mother.
- -Harlow’s findings showed that comforting touch is critical in the socio-emotional development of infants.
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What are the major motor milestones of infancy and toddlerhood (e.g., crawling, sitting unassisted, walking)? Approximately when does each occur?
- 1. Sitting: 5 1/2 months
- 2. Crawl: 10 months
- 3. Walk with assistance: 12 months
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Describe the language acquisition debate between Skinner and Chomsky. What are the stages of language development? When does a child typically say first words, use holophrastic speech and use telegraphic speech?
- -By the end of their first year, infants around the world are usually saying their first words.
- -Telegraphic speech: 18 to 24 months
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What is a scheme?
ways of thinking about how the world works.
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Different between assimilation and accommodation and provide an example of each
- 1. Assimilation
- -Correctly add information to schema of “BIRDS”
- 2. Accommodation
- -Update schema of “BIRDS” to include new information
- -Create new schema of “FLYING ANIMALS”.
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What are Piaget's stages of cognitive development? Approximately when does each occur? What are the characteristic abilities associated with each stage?
- 1. Sensorimotor stage
- -birth to age 2
- -they acquire information primarily through their senses and motor exploration. For example, they first learn reflexively, by sucking on a nipple, grasping a finger, or seeing a face.
- -Starts to mentally represent information acquired through the senses and motor exploration.
- • Begins to act intentionally—for example, pulls a string to set a mobile in motion or shakes a rattle to make a noise.
- • Achieves object permanence by realizing that things continue to exist even when no longer present to the senses.
- 2. Pre-operational
- -age 2 to 7 years
- Learns to use language and to represent objects by images and words.
- • Thinking is egocentric, where the child has difficulty taking the viewpoint of others.
- • Can think intuitively, not logically.
- • Classifies objects by a single feature—for example, groups blocks by color regardless of their shape.
- -choosing the tall glass of water when both glasses have the same amount of water
- -centration: can only focus on one problem
- -egocentrism:view the world through own experiences
- -playing hide and seek with box overhead, thinking no one can see you
- 3. Concrete operational
- - 7 to 12 years old
- -Can think logically about concrete objects and events.
- • Achieves conservation of number, volume, mass, and weight.
- • Flexibly classifies objects by several features and can order them in a series along a single dimension, such as size.
- - understands that actions can be undone, light can be turned back on
- 4. Formal operational
- -12 years and up
- -Can think logically about abstract propositions and test hypotheses systematically.
- • Becomes concerned with hypothetical issues, the future, and ideological problems.
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Describe Erikson's psychosocial theory of development? Name the the crisis associated with each developmental period and give an example of each.
- 1. Infancy: Trust vs mistrust
- 2. Toddler: Autonomy vs shame and doubt
- 3. Preschool: Initiative vs guilt
- 4. Childhood: Industry vs inferiority
- 5. Adolescence: Indentity vs role confusion
- 6. Young adulthood: Intimacy vs isolation
- 7. Middle Adulthood: Generativity vs stagnation
- 8. Old age: Integrity vs despair
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What are the attachment styles identified in the Strange Situation study (Ainsworth)? How do they differ from each other?
- 1. Secure Attachment
- -is distressed when the caregiver leaves. The child is also quickly comforted when the caregiver returns.
- 2. Avoidant attachment
- -not distressed when the caregiver leaves.The child also avoids the caregiver when she returns..
- 3. Ambiavalent attachment
- -child is inconsolably upset when the caregiver leaves. The child will also both seek and reject caring contact when the caregiver returns.
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What are the parenting styles (Baumrind)? How do they differ from each other?
- 1. Authoritarian: too hard
- 2. Permissive: too soft
- 3. Authoritative: just right
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What are the three stages of moral development (Kohlberg)? Give an example of each.
- 1. Preconventional level
- -based on self-interest
- -personal gains
- 2. Conventional level
- -based on expectations
- -getting approval from others
- -obeying rules
- 3. Post conventional level
- -based on higher principles
- -abstract ideas
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According to the text, the interaction of what three developmental domains shapes human development?
physical, cognitive, socio-emotional
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Bernice has just discovered that she is pregnant. She should expect to be able to feel her baby's movements in around
About five months
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Sydney has been drinking during her pregnancy. By doing so, she is putting her baby at risk of a severe disorder called
fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
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Brenda and Dan both drink beer and smoke cigarettes. Since they want to eventually start a family, Brenda tells Dan that they both need to stop drinking and smoking now to avoid potential drug-related birth defects. Dan argues that since Brenda is the one who will carry the child, he can keep drinking and smoking as long as he doesn't expose her to either substance. Which of the following arguments would best support Brenda's point of view?
Alcohol consumption and smoking can affect men's sperm and are associated with known birth defects
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According to the text, what is the most important prenatal phase of development for organ formation?
embryonic period
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Peipei's mother brings her two-year-old daughter to see a new doctor. Peipei's mother leaves the room and Peipei is momentarily left alone with the doctor. When Peipei's mother returns and hugs Peipei, Peipei looks at her mother and smiles, but at the same time she yells and pushes her mother away. Peipei has most likely formed a(n) __________ attachment with her mothe
ambivalent
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Vidhya takes her 1-year-old son, Venkat, to visit a daycare center where she plans to enroll him. Venkat eagerly explores the playroom as long as Vidhya is present. When his mom leaves the room, Venkat becomes distressed and appears to look for her. When Vidhya returns, he quickly calms down and returns to playing. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who
share a secure attachment relationship
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Which of the following is an example of Piaget's concept of assimilation?
Fourteen-month-old Noreen's first word was "ball." Now she calls anything round that rolls a "ball."
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One-year-old Jerome is in the __________ stage of cognitive development. Thus, when his mother shows Jerome a ball and then hides it behind her back, we would expect him to __________.
sensorimotor; appear to lose interest in the ball and not look for it
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While being put to bed, two-year-old Tommy says to his mother, "go potty... drink water..." which is his way of saying he needs to go to the bathroom after drinking water. Tommy's statement best demonstrates
telegraphic speech.
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After Theo turned 13, he noticed that his voice deepened, and the hair on his arms and legs grew thicker and darker. Both of these physical changes are considered to be typical changes in boys' __________ that occur during puberty.
secondary sex characteristics
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Mary started menstruating six months earlier than all the other girls in her class. A possible explanation could be that Mary is
in a high-stress environment.
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Charlie is sick. His primary doctor is out of town, so his mom takes him to a new doctor, who is female. Later, Charlie asks his mom, "Can women become doctors? I thought that men became doctors and that women became nurses." Clearly, Charlie's emerging view of __________ indicates his beliefs about what occupations are appropriate for males and females.
gender roles
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According to Erikson, what is the primary task of adolescence
identity
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Damian is a new driver and likes to speed, but he usually abides by the posted speed limit because he doesn't want to get a ticket or lose his driving privileges. What level of moral reasoning is Damian working from?
conventional
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Jake just turned 25 and Joseph just turned 30. Jake teases Joseph about being an "old man" and tells him that since he's 30, "it's all downhill" for him. Evidently, 25-year-old Jake feels that he is presently exempt from the mental and physical decline associated with aging and that, for Joseph, it has already started. Which of the following statements could Joseph correctly employ in his defense?
"Between the ages of 20 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, so you're probably already headed downhill right along with me."
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After a series of semiserious intimate relationships, 25-year-old Stacy is seriously considering finding a life partner. According to Erikson's theory, we would expect her to be at the __________ stage of psychosocial development.
intimacy versus isolation
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Hilda is 80 years old and finds herself spending more time looking back on her long life. According to Erikson's theory, we would expect her to be at the __________ stage of psychosocial development.
integrity versus despair
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Among the following people, who is likely to experience the greatest life satisfaction and the best health?
Moses, who is happily married
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Morris is 85 years old. Which of the following tasks would you expect him to have the most difficulty with?
driving while listening to the radio
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