-
What are some of the functions of the nervous system
- causes muscles to contract resulting in facial expressions
- stimulates glands to secrete and
- allows sensation to be perceived, such as pain and touch
-
What are the two main divisions of the nervous system
- Central nervous system
- Peripheral nervous system
-
The central nervous system contains the
brain and spinal cord
-
_________is the cellular component of the nervous system
The neuron
-
The neuron is composed of a ____ and ____
- cell body
- neural processes (axons and dendrites)
-
The _____ is located outside of the central nervous system
nerve
-
What is a synapse
the junction between two neurons (nerve cells) or between a neuron and an effector organ
-
innervation
a supply of nerves to the body part
-
ganglion
An accumulation of neuron cell bodies outside the central nervous system
-
What are the two types of nerves
-
What is an afferent (sensory) nerve
- carries information from the periphery of the body to the brain (or spinal cord)
- such as taste, pain, and proprioception
-
What is an efferent (motor) nerve
- carries information away from the brain (or spinal cord) to the periphery of the body
- such as carrying information to the muscles in order to activate them
-
In neurons (nerve cells), the fluid outside of the cell membrane has a _______ charge
positive
-
In neurons the fluid inside the cell membrane has a _____ charge
negative
-
The charge difference between the fluid outside and inside of the cell membrane is called
resting potential
-
An action potential is
a temporary reversal of the electric potential along the cell membrane for a brief period
-
The action potential creates _____
electric messages
-
A brief period during which the membrane cannot be stimulated
refractory period
-
What are NEUROTRANSMITTERS
These are chemical agents that are released by the neuron
-
The CNS is surrounded by a system of membranes called
- meninges
- The pad between the brain and the bone
-
What are the three layers of the meninges
- dura mater
- arachnoid mater
- pia mater
-
The major divisions of the brain include
- the brainstem
- the cerebrum
- the cerebellum
- the diencephalon
-
The largest division of the brain consists of two cerebral hemispheres
The cerebrum
-
The second largest division of the brain, after the cerebrum
The cerebellum
-
What are the three divisions of the brainstem
-
What are the two regions of the diencephalon
- the thalamus
- and hypothalamus
-
What is the function of the thalamus
serves as a central relay point for incoming nerve impulses
-
What is the function of the hypothalamus
maintains homeostasis
-
________ is composed of all the nerves stretching their pathways among the CNS and receptors, muscles, and glands
The peripheral nervous system (PNS)
-
The efferent division of the PNS is further subdivided into_______ and ______
- somatic nervous system
- autonomic nervous system
-
The somatic nervous system (SNS), also called the
voluntary nervous system
-
The somatic nervous system includes
all nerves controlling the muscular system and external sensory receptors
-
-
What are receptors
the external sense organs, including skin
-
What are effectors
muscle fibers, gland cells
-
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is also called the
involuntary nervous system
-
What are the two subdivisions of the ANS
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
-
The sympathetic nervous system is involved in what kind of responses
- fight-or-flight responses
- Controls organs in times of stress
-
The parasympathetic nervous system is involved in what kind of responses
- “rest-or-digest” responses
- Controls organs in times of rest
-
There are _____ cranial nerves and they are all ____
-
The first cranial nerve is also called
olfactory nerve
-
The olfactory nerve functions as a ______ nerve
afferent
-
The second cranial nerve is also called the
optic nerve
-
What is the function of the optic nerve and what kind of nerve does it function as
- transmits sight from the retina of the eye to the brain
- functions as an afferent nerve
-
The third cranial nerve is also called the
oculomotor nerve
-
What is the function of the oculomotor nerve and what kind of nerve does it function as
serves as an efferent nerve to some of the eye muscles that move the eyeball
-
The fourth cranial nerve is also known as the
trochlear nerve
-
Which of the cranial nerves is the smallest
trochlear
-
The fifth cranial nerve is also known as the
trigeminal nerve
-
What kind of nerve does the trigeminal nerve function as
both an efferent component for the muscles of mastication, as well as some other cranial muscles, and an afferent component for the teeth, tongue, and oral cavity, as well as most of the skin of the face and head
-
Which of the cranial nerves are the largest
trigeminal
-
What are the two roots of the trigeminal nerve
-
What are the three nerve divisions of the sensory root of the trigeminal nerve
- ophthalmic
- maxillary
- and mandibular
-
What is the function of the ophthalmic nerve
provides sensation to the upper face and scalp
-
What is the function of the maxillary and mandibular nerves
sensation to the middle and lower face, respectively
-
The nerve divisions of the sensory root enters the skull in the _______ bone
sphenoid
-
The ophthalmic nerve or division enters through the
superior orbital fissure
-
The maxillary nerve or division enters by way of the
foramen rotundum
-
The mandibular nerve or division passes through the skull by way of the
foramen ovale
-
The ______ root of the trigeminal nerve accompanies the ______ nerve of the sensory root and also exits the skull through the ______
- motor
- mandibular
- foramen ovale
-
The _______ is the most important cranial nerve to the dental professional
trigeminal nerve
-
The sixth cranial nerve is also known as
abducens nerve
-
What is the function of the abducens nerve and what kind of nerve does it function as
serves as an efferent nerve to one of the muscles that moves the eyeball
-
The seventh cranial nerve is also known as
facial nerve
-
What kind on nerve does the facial nerve function as
an efferent component for the muscles of facial expression and for the lacrimal gland as well as the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
-
The facial nerve leaves the cranial cavity by passing through the
internal acoustic meatus
-
The facial nerve exits the skull by way of the
stylomastoid foramen of the temporal bone
-
What is the function of the facial nerve
it innervates relevant tissue of the head and neck and travels through the parotid gland
-
The eight cranial nerve is also known as
vestibulocochlear nerve
-
What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve and what kind of nerve does it function as
- serves as an afferent nerve for hearing and balance
- conveys signals from the inner ear to the brain
-
The ninth cranial nerve is also known as
glossopharyngeal nerve
-
What king of nerve does the glossopharyngeal nerve function as
efferent and afferent
-
What structures does the efferent function of the glossopharyngeal nerve serve
the pharyngeal muscle, the stylopharyngeus muscle, and parasympathetic innervation for the parotid salivary gland
-
What is the afferent function of the glossopharyngeal nerve
carries an afferent component for the oropharynx and for taste and general sensation from the base of the tongue, and thus is the afferent limb of the gag reflex
-
The glossopharyngeal nerve passes through the skull by way of the ______
jugular foramen
-
The tenth cranial nerve is also known as the
vagus nerve
-
What kind of nerve does the vagus nerve function as
efferent and afferent
-
The efferent component of the vagus nerve functions for
the muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx and for parasympathetic fibers to many organs in the thorax and abdomen including the thymus gland, heart, and stomach
-
The afferent component of the vagus nerve function for
a small amount of skin around the ear and for taste sensation for the epiglottis
-
The vagus nerve passes through the skull by way
of the jugular foramen
-
The _______ nerve is the longest cranial nerve
vagus
-
The eleventh cranial nerve is also known as the
accessory nerve
-
The accessory nerve functions as what kind of nerve
efferent nerve for the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles as well as for muscles of the soft palate and pharynx
-
The accessory nerve exits the skull through the
jugular foramen
-
What nerves are important to dental professionals because it innervates relevant tissue of the head and neck
-
The twelfth cranial nerve is also known as the
hypoglossal nerve
-
The hypoglossal nerve is important to dental professionals because it
innervates the tongue
-
What kind of nerve function does the hypoglossal nerve function for
an efferent nerve for both the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue
-
The hypoglossal nerve exits the skull through the
hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone
|
|
