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functionalist theory
a macrolevel sociological perspective emphasizing societal order and stability, with harmonious interdependent parts
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conflict theory
a macrolevel sociological perspective emphasizing conflict as an important influence and permanent feature in life
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ideology
a generalized set of beliefs that collectively explains and justifies the interests of those who hold them
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culture of poverty
a controversial viewpoint arguing that the disorganization and pathology of lower-class culture are self-perpetuating through cultural transmission
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ascribed status
one’s socially defined, unchangeable position in a society based on such arbitrary factors as age, sex, race, or family background
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endogamy
the tendency for people to marry only within their own social group
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ethnocentrism
a tendency to judge other cultures or subcultures by the standards of one’s own culture
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cultural relativism
a view of the customs and beliefs of other peoples within the context of their culture rather than one’s own
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Dillingham Flaw
any inaccurate comparison based on simplistic categorizations and anachronistic judgments
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Thomas theorem
an observation that if people define situations as real, the situations become real in their consequences
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ethnogenesis
a process in which immigrants hold onto some homeland values, adapt others, and adopt some values of the host country
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