Biology Test 1

• Cellular organization
• Energy utilization
• Homeostasis
• Growth, development, reproduction
• Heredity

• Atoms
• Molecule
• Macromolecule
• organelle
• cell

• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ System
• Organism

• Population
• Species
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biosphere

Result from the way in which components interact, and often cannot be guessed just by looking at the parts themselves. ie-the cells that make up a body, metabolism, consciousness

Uses specific observations to construct general scientific principles

Same evolutionary origin, but they now differ in structure and function

Similar function but different evolutionary origins (wings of birds and butterflies)

Pattern of genetic descent or evolutionary history of a gene.

All living organisms consist of cells

• Lack a nucleus
• Cell Wall and plasma membrane
• No membrane-bound organelles
• Contain ribosomes
• Bacteria and Archaea
• Many use flagella

Archaea lack the peptidoglycan found in the cell walls of bacteria

• Have membrane-bound organelles
• Have nucleus

• Formation of RNA from DNA
• Occurs in nucleus
• RNA moves into cytoplasm

RNA is translated to form polypetide chains (proteins)

• Pentose
• phosphate
• Organic nitrogenous base

Disorder in the universe or random molecular motion

Total energy in a molecule's chemical bonds

Reaction that requires an input of energy

Reaction that has a release of energy or heat

More than one allele at frequencies significantly greater than would occur due to mutation alone.

Phenomenon in which darker individuals come to predominate over lighter ones

mc1r

Anatomical structures that have no apparent function, but resemble structures their ancestors possessed.

When phenotypes converge between two groups because of parallel evolutionary adaptations in similar environments. ie-similar body shape in marine species

Species found in one place and one place only

The deeper something is, the older it is, the higher the younger

Common developmental history between species that acts as evidence of a common ancestor. ie- structures present in an embryo that develop into other structures

• VISTA
• Variation
• Inheritance
• Selection
• Time
• Adaptation

How does it occur?

Why does it occur?

• Domain
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class
• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species

Consists of the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

Consists of the most recent common ancestor and some of its descendants

Does not contain the most recent common ancestor, ie- birds and bats

Propose that the term species should be applied to groups of populations that have been evolving independently of other groups of populations.

• Rod/Bacillus
• Spherical/Coccus
• Spiral/spirillum

• Thicker peptidoglycan wall
• Stain purple in color

• Less peptidoglycan 
• Stain dark pink
• Lipopolysaccharide outer membrane

They lack many of the features associated with life, including cellular structure, and independent metabolism or replication

Continuous or branching tubes filled with cytoplasm and multiple nuclei which compose most of the body of a fungus

Mass of connected hyphae

Contains one nucleus

Contains two nuclei

• Sexually and asexually
• Spores
• Zygosporangium
• Asci
• Basidia

• Chytridiomycota
• Zygomycota
• Ascomycota
• Basidiomycota

When two haploid cells fuse their cytoplasms to mate and become dikaryotic in fungal reproduction

When nuclei fuse and become diploid after plasmogamy in fungal reproduction

The mouth of the adult animal does not develop from the blastopore. The blastospore develops into the anus

The type of tissue each embryonic cell will form in the adult is determined early in many lineages even before cleavage begins.

Two identical daughter cells can develop into separate complete organisms because the molecules that signal the embryonic cells to develop differently are not segregated into different cells until later in the embryo's development

• Biotic: population, community
• Abiotic: temperature, soil, water, sunlight, wind, energy, base materials

Occurs when individuals of a population do not interact strongly with one another.

• Competition for resources
• Results from behavioral interactions such as defending territory

• Response to uneven distribution of resources in their immediate environment
• Social interactions such as herds, prides, and flocks

Populations in better areas continually send out dispersers that bolster the population in the poorer habitats

Group of individuals of the same age

Number of offspring produced in a standard time

• Type 1: live longer, more parental care
• Type 2: Individuals are equally likely to die at any age
• Type 3: produce many offspring with no parental care, many die at first but have low mortality rate after established

Reduction of future reproduction potential resulting from current reproductive efforts

One large reproductive event and then death

Produce offspring several times over many seasons.

r= birth rate-death rate

Factors that are related to population size. ie-reproduction, mortality from predation. As population size increases, reproductive rates decrease or mortality increases

Unrelated to population size, ie-environmental factors

• Early reproductive age
• Short life span
• Short maturation time
• High mortality rate
• Many offspring
• Low number of reproductions per lifetime
• No parental care
• Small offspring

• Late reproductive age
• Long life span
• Long maturation time
• Usually low mortality rate
• Few offspring
• Many reproductions per lifetime
• Extensive parental care
• Large offspring

The entire niche that a species is capable of using, based on its physiological tolerance limits and resource needs, without competition

The actual set of environmental conditions, including the presence of competion

If two species are competing for a limited resource, the species that uses the resource more efficiently will eventually eliminate the other locally

When different species subdivide a niche to avoid competing for resources

a harmless species mimics a harmful one

Two unpalatable species mimic each other (bees and wasps)

• (+/-)
• One species benefits while the other is harmed

• (+/+)
• Obligate: one species cannot survive without the other
• Facultative: species greatly benefit but do not require each other

• (0/0)
• no benefit or detriment from coexistance

Over time, one community is replaced by another

• Pioneer (1 species)
• Consolidation (new species introduced, low competition)
• Subclimax (high competition, limited resources)
• Climax (1 species lost, cycle repeats)

• 1- Primary producer
• 2- Herbivores
• 3- Primary carnivores
• 4- Secondary carnivores
• 5- Detritivores (consume dead matter)

60 degrees

30 degrees

Equator

Warning coloration used in poisonous species

A snap shot of messenger RNA, shows how genes are expressed under certain stimuli

High nutrients, low water level, prone to abundance of algae

Low nutrients, high water level

One species paves the way for another

Species actively compete

• Abundance of organisms at each level determined by rate of food production for them to eat
• As resources go up, producers and consumers go up

• Carnivores depress herbivore populations
• As carnivores go up, everything else goes down

Total primary production

• GPP minus energy used by primary producers for respiration
• Only NPP is available to consumers
• Productivity Relative to Biomass: NPP/biomass

• 1,000,000 J of sunlight
• 10,000 J allotted to primary producers
• 1,000 J allotted to primary consumers
• 100 J allotted to secondary consumers
• 10 J allotted to tertiary consumers