Aquatic Ecology Final

SMALL- 1 - 300 micrometers

• Ciliated: paramecium
• use cytosome to eat via phagocytosis

• Flagellated: paranema and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF)- smallest
• use flagella to grab food

Feed on algal food particles

Reproduce via mytotic cell division - asexual reproduction

Ciliated protozoan: parameciumuse cytosome to eat via phagocytosis

• Flagellated Protozoan: paranema and heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF)- smallest
• Use flagella to grab food

Heterotrophic nanoflagellates- smallest zoop

second smallest zoop

common rotifers: keratella, kellicotta, conochylus (colonial), asplanchna (predator)

mostly sessile (attached to something)

basic rotifer has a head (corona), neck, body, and foot. mouth-like structure = mastax

Trophus = hard structure for chewing multiple in mastax

mostly omnivorous: eating phytoplankton, bacteria, detritus, and ciliates

• Reproduce asexually via parthenogenesis (virgin birth)
• positive=no need for males sitting around not having babies
• negative=poor genetic variability

• Reproduce sexually via haploid eggs if necessary
• colder temperatures and crowding in winter=sexual

summer=asexual

Bigger than rotifers same size as copepods

• Daphnia ketrocurva= helmeted
• Leptodora-lacks carapace-predator that eats daphnia
• Polyphemus-fishhook waterflea, spiny waterflea (invasive and predatory in great lakes)
• Bosmina

Locomotion: antennae

Feeding: filter feeders- use mandible and ventral groove

Reject food with post abdominal claw

Raptorial- animal that grab prey- spiny/fishhook waterflea and leptodora

Same size as cladoceran (bigger than rotifers, bigger than protozoans)

cyclopoid and calanoid

• Locomotion:
• Cyclopoids move legs and push antennae
• Calanoids spin antennae

• feeding: pick out food that smell good HIGH SELECTIVITY
• Cyclopoids primarily herbivorous
• Calanoids are raptorial and predatory

Reproduction:

• Egg -->Nauplis-->Copepodite-->adult --|
• ^---------<------------<---------------<------------v

1:1 sex ration- only sexual reproduction

generations of 20-30 days up to 3 years (dependent upon environmental conditions)

stage of copepod development between nauplis and adult

stage of copepod development between egg and copepodite

Virgin birth- asexual reproduction

female rotifers --mitosis--> eggs --developmental--process--> adults

• A saddle-shaped cavity to contain the winter eggs, situated on the back of Cladocera.

Ability to increase population size in response to an increase in food supply:

• Best: protozoans then rotifers then cladoceran
• worse: copepods

rotifers- smaller, simpler and slightly fasters than cladocerans

Head of rotifers

Rotifer mouth-like structure

head structures for chewing multiple things in mastax found in rotifers

a dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell found in daphnia/cladocerans

concentration of substances as they move up a food chain (many are lipid aka soluble) ex. pesticides like ddt, and mercury

The feeding position in a food chain such as primary producers, herbivore, primary carnivore, etc. Green plants form the first trophic level, the producers. Herbivores form the second trophic level, while carnivores form the third and even the fourth trophic levels.

The engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other foreign bodies by phagocytes. How ciliated flagellates eat, (use cytosome).

how cladocerans eat: filter water through using mandibular bolus and ventral groove

Subsisting by seizing prey; predatory.

Leptodora cladoceran, and calanoid copepod

Term coined to describe a trophic pathway in aquatic environments wheredissolved organic carbon (DOC) is reintroduced to the food web through the incorporation into bacteria. Bacteria are consumed mostly by protists such as flagellates and ciliates. These protists, in turn, are consumed by larger aquatic organisms (for example small crustaceans like copepods). OVERALL IMPORTANT FOR NUTRIENT CYCLING, NOT ENERGY.

generated outside the system

generated inside the system

Detritus can be generated outside the system

• v---<------DETRITUS--<--^-------------<--------^
• | ^^
• Bacteria---------->Phytoplankton-------->zoops
• | ^ ^
• v---------->HNFs------------^----------------->ciliates

Mostly an energy sink

chemical substance produced and released by a living organism that benefits the receiver and disadvantages the donor.

predators feed on prey based on size

why large zoops exist in absence of _____

• zoops compete for food
• larger zoops are better competitors
• larger zoops can eat more food
• presence of _____ predominate

chaoborus

non-bugs, different predator avoidance strategies employed

a carnivorous animal which lives on eating fish

retreating to shore, eg daphnia going into weeds

predator avoidance strategy: in deeper depths at daytime, and shallower depths at night time- size makes a difference, and no fish then no migration

cyclomorphosis Seasonal change in body shape found in rotifers (phylumRotifera), and in cladoceran Crustacea (phylum Arthropoda). In cladocerans, e.g. Daphnia species, the changes in shape involve the head, which is rounded from midsummer to spring and then progressively becomes helmet-shaped from spring to summer, reverting to the rounded shape by midsummer. The process is poorly understood and may be the result of genetic factors interacting with external conditions, e.g. temperature or day length, or, as in rotifers, the result of internal factors alone.

• stage of fish development after egg, equivalent to the word fry, identified by large yolk sac attached
• egg-->larva/fry-->juvenile/fingerling--->adult

• stage of fish development after egg, equivalent to the word larva, identified by large yolk sac attached
• egg-->larva/fry-->juvenile/fingerling--->adult

stage of fish development after larva/fry, equivalent to the word juvenile,resemble adults

egg-->larva/fry-->juvenile/fingerling--->adult

fish and coral exhibit this type of survivorship curve,

null hypothesis = probability of death is same no matter what age

probability great at young age (egg), then gets better, then die like a curved L

spawn in large body of water and live in stream example is eel

born upstream and live in another body of water (ex. salmon and sea lamprey)