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the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation
empiricism
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a procedure for finding truth by using empirical evidence
scientific method
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a hypothetical explanation of a natural phenomenon
theory
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a falsifiable prediction made by a theory
hypothesis
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a set of rules and techniques for observation
empirical method
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a description of a property in concrete, measurable terms
operational definition
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anything that can detect the condition to which an operational definition refers
instrument
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the goodness with which a concrete event defines a property
validity
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the tendency for an instrument to produce the same measurement whenever it is used to measure the same thing
reliability
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an instrument's ability to detect small magnitudes of the property
power
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those aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else wants to expect
demand characteristics
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a technique for gathering scientific information by unobtrusively observing people in their natural environments
naturalistic observation
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an observation whose true purpose is hidden form both the observer and the person being observed
double-blind
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a property whose value can vary across individuals or over time
variable
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two variables are said to be correlated when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other
correlation
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a correlation observed in the world around us
natural correlations
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two variables are correlated only because watch is casually related to a third variable
third-variable correlation
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the fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occuring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-variable correlation
third-variable program
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a technique for establishing the causal relationship between variables
experiment
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changing a variable in order to determine its casual power
manipulation
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that variable that is manipulated in an experiment
independent variable
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the group of people who are exposed to a particular manipulation, as compared to the control group, in an experiment
control group
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the variable that is measured in the study
dependent variable
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a problem that occurs when anything about a person determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group
self-selection
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a procedure that lets chance assign people to the experimental or control group
random assignment
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An attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships
internal validity
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an attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way
external validity
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a complete collection of participants who might possibly be measured
population
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a partial collection of people drawn from a population
sample
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a procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual
case method
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a technique for choosing participants that ensures that every member of a population has an equal chance of being included in the sample
random sampling
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a verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study
debriefing
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Goal of psychological research and practice
description, explanation, prediction. control
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How do we begin to understand brain and behavior
Indentify the problem, collect information, draw conclusions, revise theory
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Where do we get our information
population
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what is a sample
subset of a population
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What are the types of samples
representative, random, convenience
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How do we get our information
observation
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types of observations
naturalistic, survey, case study
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Chat is the correlation coefficient and what is the range
(-1 to 1)
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Goal of correlational research
identify connections
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what is a quasi-experimental design
using pre-existing groups, however you still cant make a causal statement
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what is the goal of an experiment
establish a causal connection
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what does manipulation of variables show
cause and effect
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what the independent variable
variable being manipulated
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dependent variable
variable being measured
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single blind procedure
keep group or experimenter unaware of true purpose of the study
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double-blind procedure
keep group and experimenter unaware of true purpose
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what is replication
performing studies previously done
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If random assignment is used what can you assume
the manipulation caused the conclusion
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what is descriptive statistics
summarizes or describes our data
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what are measures of central tendency
typical score in your data set. Mean, mode, median
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what is the measures of variablity
how are the scores similar or different from that value (standard deviation)
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What is Inferential Statistics
What is the likelihood that the observed difference are simply the result of chance
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what is demand characteristics
experimenter leads subjects to behave differently
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Hawthorne Effect
the act of trying to study something that changes behavior because they know they're being observed
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What is Selective Attrition
people who started out in the study are different at the end of the study
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what confounding variables
random variables
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