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levels of organization of life (don't have to memorize this. Just have an idea of it.)
(page 2 on slide)
- atoms
- molecule
- cell
- tissue
- organ
- body system
- organism
- population
- community
- ecosystem
-
characteristics of the nervous system
- responds to external & internal environment
- fast-acting
- deals with learning & memory
- language & communication
-
functions of the muscular system
- locomotion
- posture
- heat production
- output of the nervous system
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function of endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate:
- growth
- reproduction
- digestion
- water retention
(controlled by hypothalamus)
-
functions of the cardiovascular system
- Blood vessels transport blood (carries oxygen, nutrients, & wastes)
- Heart pumps blood
-
functions of the respiratory system
- oxygenates blood
- removes carbon dioxide
- gas exchange through walls of air sacs in the lungs
-
functions of the lymphatic/immune system
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels
- houses white blood cells (lymphocytes)
- mounts attacks against foreign substances in the body
-
functions of the digestive system
- digestion of food for absorption in the small intestines
- eliminate indigestible foodstuffs as feces
-
functions of the urinary system
- elimination of nitrogenous wastes
- regulation of water, electrolytes, & acid-base balancce
-
function of the reproductive system
production of sex hormones, sperm/eggs
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The atomic number is the number of __
protons
example: 2 for He
-
The atomic mass is the number of __
protons + neutrons
example: 4.003 for He
-
Isotopes show the same element with a different number of __
neutrons
example: Carbon-12 (6 protons, 6 neutrons), Carbon-14 (6 protons, 8 neutrons)
(page 15 & 16 on slide)
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Potassium has the atomic number 19. How many electrons does it need to fill up the outer shell?
- filled shells has 18 electrons: 2, 8, 8
- outer shell has 1 electron, therefore it needs 7 electrons to fill the outer shell
(photo on page 17 on slide)
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What determines the type of chemical bond? (covalent, ionic, hydrogen, van der waal)
the # if electrons in the outer shell
-
covalent bond
shares electrons
(page 19 & 20 on slide)
-
Carbon can form a number of __ bonds
4
-
Nonpolar covalent bond & examples
equal share of bonds, no charge
examples: H2 forms 2 covalent bonds, CH4 forms 4 covalent bonds
-
Polar covalent bond & example
shared bond with charge
example: H2O (O hogs electrons, so H is slightly positive & O is slightly negative)
(page 22 on slide)
-
ionic bonds
bond in which one atom gives up electrons and the other atom accepts electrons
example: NaCl (Na atom gives up an electron to Cl, creating a bond to fill up outer shells)
(page 24 on slide)
-
__ electronegative atoms are more likely to give up electrons & __ electronegative atoms are more likely to take up electrons (so outer shells are filled)
Less; more
example: K has a low electronegativity so it gives up an electron and acquires a +1 charge. O has a high electronegativity so it takes electrons and acquires a -2 charge.
(page 23 on slide)
-
Hydrogen bonds
bonds with H+
example: an H2O molecule binds to another H2O molecule (H binds to O)
(page 27 on slide)
-
Shapes of proteins are determined by __ bonds.
hydrogen
H-bonds are weak. However, large numbers of weak bonds are strong enough to influence shapes of DNA & proteins
(page 28 on slide)
-
Van der Waal forces
- weakest bonds
- noncovalent interactions between nonpolar bonds
- forms the basis of why nonpolar molecules stick together
- hydrophobic
-
__ molecules tend to be hydrophylic
Polar
-
__ molecules tend to be hydrophobic
Nonpolar
-
-
unique structure of water
- polar molecule
- forms hydrogen bonds
- tetrahedral shape
(page 33 on slide)
-
water properties
- temperature moderation (stability in temp)
- solvent of life
- cohesive & surface tension
- density of the solid state (ice is less dense than liquid form)
-
H2O is more dense in liquid form because __
Atoms are closer together than compared to ice.
(page 35 on slide)
-
Water helps moderate climate because of its high __
heat capacity
(Water has high specific heat.)
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