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Vitamins are
Soluble in either water or fat
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The rate at and the extent to which a vitamin is absorbed and used in the body is known as its
Bioavailability
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Many of B vitamins serve as
Coenzymes
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With respect to thiamin, which of the following is the most nutrient dense?
1 cup of snow peas 69 kcalories and .22 milligram thiamin
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The body can make niacin from
Tryptophan
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The vitamin that protects against neural tube defects is
Folate
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The lack of intrinsic factor may lead to
Pernicious anemia
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Vitamin C can serve as an
Antioxidant
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The requirement for vitamin C is highest for
Smokers
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Part of coenzyme TPP in energy metabolism
Thiamin
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Part of the coenzyme FAD and FMN in energy metabolism
Riboflavin
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Part of the coenzyme NAD and NADP in energy metabolism
Niacin
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Part of coenzyme in energy metabolism
Biotin
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Part of coenzyme A in energy metabolism
Pantothenic Acid
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Part of coenzymes used in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism
Vitamin B6
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Activates vitamin B12; helps synthesize DNA for new cell growth
Folate
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Activates folate; helps synthesize DNA doe new cell growth and protects nerve cells
Vitamin B12
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Synthesis of collagen, carnitine, hormones, neurotransmitters and an antioxidant
Vitamin C
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Water-soluble vitamins include
Vitamin C and Vitamin B (Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Biotin, Folate, Pantothenic Acid), B6, B12
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Edema or muscle wasting, anorexia and weight-loss, neurological disturbances, muscular weakness, heart enlargement and failure are symptoms of a deficiency of
Thiamin
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Inflammation of the mouth, skin, and eyelids are symptoms of a deficiency of
Riboflavin
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Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, and dementia) are deficiency symptoms of
Niacin
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Skin rash, hair loss, and neurological disturbances are deficiency symptoms of
Biotin
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Digestive and neurological disturbances are deficiency symptoms of
Pantothenic acid
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Scaly dermatitis, depression, confusion, convulsions, and anemia are deficiency symptoms of
Vitamin B6
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Anemia, glossitis, neurological disturbances, and elevated homocysteine are deficiency symptoms of
Folate
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Scurvy (bleeding gums, pinpoint hemorrhages, abnormal bone growth, and joint pain) are deficiency symptoms of
Vitamin C
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Enriched, fortified, or whole-grain products and pork contain healthy amounts of
Thiamin
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Milk products; enriched fortified, or whole-grain products and liver contain healthy amounts of
Riboflavin
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Protein-rich foods contain healthy amounts of
Niacin and Vitamin B6
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What vitamin is wide-spread in foods and assists in GI bacteria synthesis
Biotin
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Legumes, vegetables, and fortified grain products contain healthy amounts of
Folate
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Foods derived from animals contain healthy amounts of
Vitamin B12
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Fruits and vegetables contain healthy amounts of
Vitamin C
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Liver damage, and impaired glucose tolerance are toxicity symptoms of
Niacin
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Nerve degeneration and skin lesions are toxicity symptoms of
Vitamin B6
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Masking a vitamin B12 deficiency is a toxicity symptom of
Folate
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Diarrhea and GI stress are toxicity symptoms of
Vitamin C
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Arguments for Mineral and Vitamin Supplements include
- 1. Correct overt deficiency
- 2. Support increased nutrient needs
- 3. Improve nutrition status
- 4. Improve the body's defenses
- 5. Reduce disease risks
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Arguments against Mineral and Vitamin supplements
- 1. Toxicity
- 2. Life-threatening misinformation
- 3. Unknown needs
- 4. False sense of security
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Fat-soluble vitamins include
Vitamins A, D, E, and K
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What vitamins chief function includes vision, maintenance of cornea, epithelial cells, mucous membranes, skin, bone and teeth growth, reproduction and immunity
Vitamin A
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What vitamins chief functions include mineralization of bones (raises blood calcium and phosphorus by increasing absorption from digestive tract, withdrawing calcium from bones and stimulating retention by kidneys?
Vitamin D
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What vitamins chief functions include antioxidant (stabilization of cell membranes, regulation of oxidation reactions, protection of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A
Vitamin E
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What vitamins chief functions include synthesis of blood clotting proteins and bone proteins?
Vitamin K
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Infectious disease, night blindness, xerophthalmia and keratinization and deficiency symptoms of
Vitamin A
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Rickets and osteomalacia are deficiency symptoms of
Vitamin D
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Erythrocyte hemolysis and nerve damage are deficiency symptoms of
Vitamin E
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Hemorrhages are deficiency symptoms of
Vitamin K
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Reduced bone mineral density, liver abnormalities, and birth defects are toxicity symptoms of
Vitamin A
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Calcium imbalance is a toxicity symptom of
Vitamin D
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Hemorrhagic effects are due to toxicity of
Vitamin E
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Retinol, milk and milk products are good sources of
Vitamin A
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dark green leafy and deep yellow/orange vegetables are good sources of
Beta-carotene
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Synthesized in the body with the help of sunshine and fortified milk are good sources of
Vitamin D
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Vegetable oils are good sources of
Vitamin E
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Synthesized in the body by GI bacteria and green leafy vegetables are good sources of
Vitamin K
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Fat-soluble vitamins
Require bile for absorption
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The form of vitamin A active with vision is
retinal
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Good sources of vitamin A include
Apricots, turnip greens, and liver
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To keep minerals available in the blood, vitamin D targets
The intestines, the kidneys, and the bones
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Vitamin D can be synthesized from a precursor that the body makes from
Cholesterol
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Vitamin E's most notable role is to
Protect lipids against oxidation
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The classic sign of a Vitamin E deficiency is
Erythrocyte hemolysis
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Without vitamin K
blood fails to clot
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A significant amount of vitamin K comes form
bacterial synthesis
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