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Compare William James's Principles of Psychology with the content of mental philosophy.
- Both addressed consciousness, sensation, perception, association, memory, attention, imagination, reasoning, emotions, and will
- However, he linked stream of consciousness to selective attention.
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How did James use the concept of stream of consciousness to criticize Wundt's psychology?
He argued that consciousness did not exist in small bits, but flowed like a stream.
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What did James believe to be the important survival value of consciousness?
The ability to use selective attention to make choices.
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What does the James-Lange theory say about emotion?
Bodily changes resulted from the perception of the situation, and that recognition of the bodily changes subsequently produces emotion.
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What contribution did Mary Whiton Calkins make to memory research?
The paired associates method, where one item is used to cue another.
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Describe Self Psychology.
- Psychology should be a science of selves and not of consciousness or behavior.
- There were several selves: the unique self, the social self, the self that does/doesn't change.
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What was notable about Mary Whiton Calkins’s role in the APA?
She was the first woman to hold that position!
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What was the first professional organization for psychologists in America, and who founded it?
- American Psychological Association
- Stanley Hall.
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Despite its failure, Hall's child study movement had several positive outcomes. What were these?
- Sparked development of developmental/educational psychology
- Made evident need for physical, behavioral, social and intellectual norms or children
- Used applications to better education/parenting
- The new psychology could be used or the greater good
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What is meant by the claim that "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny?"
- The evolutionary developments in one's ancestry are repeated in the development of the individual, from conception to adolescence.
- This was evident in physiology and psychology
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What did Cattell claim about what his tests could identify?
- Aptitudes of students
- Which students were gifted
- What valuable qualities may be early discovered and developed.
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What did Cattell and Wissler find about the relationship between scores on Cattell’s tests and grades students earned in their college classes?
There was no correlation.
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How was Cattell's editorship of Science important to psychology?
He took a dying publication and made it available to more people in the scientific community.
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