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Principal reasons that Wundt is given credit for founding the science of psychology:
- Created first psychology lab
- Wrote most important psychology textbook
- Created instruments to implement scientific experiments
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Describe the use of Wissenschaft at the University of Berlin.
- Extended curriculum
- Established labs
- Encouraged students to do research
- Gave teachers freedom to teach whatever they want
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Why is 1879 generally noted as the birth year of scientific psychology?
First psychology lab was created.
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In Wundt's view, what was the goal of psychology?
To discover the facts of consciousness its combinations and relations, so that it may ultimately discover the laws which govern these relations and combinations.
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Two factors that make up conscious experience, in Wundt’s view:
- Content of experience
- What the observer makes of the content
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Why did Wundt refer to his first psychology as "voluntarism?"
To indicate the voluntary, active, and wilful nature of the mind.
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How was apperception important in Wundt's psychology?
- To provide maximal clarity for the conscious experience
- It was the principal process by which psychical elements and compounds were synthesized into new conscious experiences
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Describe Wundt's method of experimental self-observation.
- The observer was presented with a stimulus condition
- The observer was instructed to be in a state or readiness and was told when the stimulus would be presented.
- Right after, the observer would give an account of what (s)he experienced.
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Benjamin describes how the reaction time method could be used to measure the amount of time it took to decide whether a light was red or green. Describe the two reaction times that were measured and how the time of the mental task was calculated.
- Two reaction times: sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent)
- The task was calculated by measuring the speed of certain mental problems by measuring reaction time and subtracting the time required for sensory and motor components.
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Type of research methods Wundt thought should be used to study cultural psychology topics such as religion, art, and language:
Non-experimental methods: cultural anthropology, sociology, social psychology.
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Where Ebbinghaus got the idea for his memory studies:
Fechner's book, Elements of Psychophysics
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How did Ebbinghaus solve the problem that words carried meaning and had pre-existing meanings?
He used nonsense syllables that possessed no meaning
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Describe Brentano’s act psychology
Studying the actions of consciousness
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What did Stumpf and Pfungst discover about Clever Hans?
- The horse's owner was giving subtle cues to the horse indicating when he should tap his foot;
- apparently he could "count"
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How did Müller extend the work of Ebbinghaus?
He replicated many of Ebbinghaus's experiments, but also asked subjects what they were thinking (the process used to memorize words)
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Describe how Külpe observed the phenomenon of mental set.
- When subjects were asked to pair numbers, their introspective accounts of the addition indicated that the numbers were incorporated before the task such that they did not play a role in the task itself;
- they added the numbers automatically without thinking that they must add them.
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What did Külpe mean by "imageless thought?"
When observers produced thoughts that had no sensations or images attached to them.
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