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What idea about the brain is credited to Hippocrates?
Recognized that the brain was the organ of intelligence
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What invention by van Leeuwenhoek was critical for studying neuroanatomy?
Created lens able to see neurons
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What is cortical localization of function?
Different areas of the brain were responsible for different functions
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How did Broca’s findings support the idea of localization of function?
- Broca encountered someone with skin condition that led to paralysis in right arm and leg
- Also incapable of producing speech
- After death, Broca found patient to have a hole in his left frontal cortex
Logic: frontal lobe produced speech, motor functions were contralateral
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Describe what Hitzig and Fritsch found about electrical stimulation of the cortex in dogs.
Stimulation of the nerves produced voluntary movement in different parts of the brain.
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How did Broca’s findings support the idea of localization of function?
Afferent information from senses to brain is carried in dorsal part of spinal cord
Efferent information from brain to motor effectors is carried in the ventral part of spinal cord
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What is the law of specific nerve energies?
Each sensory nerve only carries one kind of sensory information, regardless of how that nerve is stimulated.
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In what two ways were the phrenologists incorrect about localization of function?
- 1. Which areas of the brain did what
- 2. The possibility of measuring brain growth from the surface of the skull
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Describe how Helmholtz measured the speed of the neural impulse.
He took the severed leg of a frog and stimulated one end of a nerve, then measured the arrival of the impulse on the other end.
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What does trichromatic theory state?
Three rods of fibers in the retina that were deferentially sensitive to red, green, and blue light.
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What does opponent process theory state?
There are three color receptors, or three different chemical substances in the retina that can be built up (anabolic) or broken down (catabolic)
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What did research in the 1960’s show about the trichromatic and opponent process theories?
Trichromatic explained color vision on a retina level, while opponent theory better explained how color was processed in the brain.
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What does place theory state?
Different frequencies had the greatest impact at different areas of the membrane.
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What does frequency theory state?
The firing of the impulses from the basilar membrane would match the frequency of the incoming sound.
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What was Fechner's great insight that led to psychophysics?
He realized it was possible to measure, with great precision, the relationship between the physical and psychological worlds.
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What relationships are measured in psychophysics?
Stimuli in the physical world (physical events) and the person's perception/ experiences of those stimulus (psychological)
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What is a just noticeable difference?
The point at which a subject can reliably discriminate between two stimuli.
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What does Weber's Law express?
The amount of change necessary for the subject to perceive a stimulus as different
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Write out Fechner’s Law (Weber-Fechner Law) and explain what each S, k, and R represent
S= K log R
- S= Perception of Stimulus
- K= Perceived magnitude or intensity; constant
- R= Actual physical value of the stimulus
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