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Axial skeleton
refers to the bones of the head + neck + trunk
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Appendicular skeleton
refers to the bones of the upper & lower limbs
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Cartilage
- connective tissue that forms parts of the skeleton where more flexibility is required
- ex. costal cartilages attach rib to the sternum
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Proportion of bone & cartilage in the skeleton
The younger a person is, the more cartilage he/she has
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Function of bone
- support + protection
- basis for movement
- reservoir of ions (calcium & phosphate)
- supplies new blood cells
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Periosteum
connective tissue that surrounds the bones
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Perichondrium
connective tissue that surrounds cartilage (except articular cartilage)
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Sesamoid bones
- found where tendons cross ends of long bones
- protect tendons from excessive wear
- change angle of tendons as they pass to their attachments
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Flat bones
- serve protective functions
- ex. cranium flat bones protect the brain
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Capitulum
small, round, articular head
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What are the 2 main parts of the skull?
Cranium & Facial Bones
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What is the cranium's function & what/how many bones make it up?
- protection of the brain
- temporal (2), parietal (2), frontal (1), occipital (1), ethoid (1), sphenoid (1)
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What/how many facial bones are there?
- mandible
- zygomatic bones = cheekbones
- nasal bones = nasal conchas
- lacrimal bones = near tear ducts where tears come from
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What are the 4 main body parts in the chest?
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How many ribs are there & what are they attached to?
- 12 ribs, 13 is unusual but may happen
- Posteriorly attached to vertebra
- Anteriorly attached to costal cartilages, which are attached to the sternum
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If there happens to be a 13th rib, what would it be attached to?
- possibly to the 1st lumbar = lumbar rib / gorrilla rib
- if attached to the 1st vertebra, then it would be attached to the cervical rib
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What/how many parts make up the sternum?
Manubrium + body + xiphoid process
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Function & location of hyoid bone?
serves as an anchoring structure for the bone
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Body parts that make up the upper extremities? (+ other names for each)
- Shoulder = shoulder girdle
- Arm = brachium region
- Forearm = anti-brachium region
- Wrist = carpus/ carpal region
- Hand
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2 parts that make up the shoulder girdle?
- Clavicle = anterior, aka collar bone
- Scapula = posterior, triangle shaped bone on back
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Another region name for the arm? What bone is located here?
- Brachium region
- Humerus bone
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What bones is the forearm made of? Another name for forearm region?
- Anti-brachium region
- Radius (lateral) & ulna (medial)
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How are the radius & ulna different in terms of movement? & how can they be differentiated between one another?
- Since the radius is lateral, it can extend and flex while ulna can only do one
- Ulna is usually the thinner bone so it is easy to tell them apart
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How many bones make up the wrist & how are they organized?
- 8 carpal bones
- divided into 2 groups (proximal & distal)
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What is carpal tunnel syndrome?
Pinched nerve in the wrist results in numbness & tingling in the hand
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What is the hand made up of? (2 parts)
metacarpals + phalanges
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What does MP joint stand for?
metacarpal phalangeal joints
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What are the body parts that make up the lower extremities?
- Pelvis (os coxee)
- Femur (thigh region)
- Patella
- Leg
- Ankle
- Foot
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What are the parts that make up the pelvis?
- ilium - top
- pubis - anterior
- ischium - posterior (where you sit down)
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What is the acetabulum?
the point at which the 3 bones of the pelvis fuse together
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Cons of having 3 bones fused into 1 for the pelvis?
- Since they are fused together in the middle, there are weak points
- If trauma occurs, it can travel to the point of fusion and separate the 3 bones
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What is the patella?
the kneecap
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Femoropatellar joint?
joint between femur and patella
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Bones that make up the leg?
tibia (medial) & fibula (lateral/ thinner)
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Another name for bones in the ankle?
tarsal bones
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What is the foot made up of? (2 parts)
Metatarsals & phalanges
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How are the different types of cartilage divided?
based on what they secrete
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What does hyaline cartilage secrete?
intracellular matrix secretes hyalumonic acid and mucopolysaccarides (but this is secreted by all of them)
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Main difference between bones and cartilage? Why is this important?
- Bones have blood vessels inside but cartilage doesn't
- because of this, harder to recover from cartilage damage than bone damage because bones get more nutrients/blood vessels
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Where are cartilages located in the skeletal system?
Mostly at the ends of bones
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Function of periosteum & periochondrium?
- nourish external aspects of skeletal tissue
- can lay down more cartilage/bone, especially during fracture healing
- provide interface for attachment of tendons & ligaments
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What does fibrocartilage secrete?
icm secretes collagenous fibers + mucopolysaccharides
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What does elastic fiber secrete?
elastic fibers produced by icm
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