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Immunity: First Line Defense
- *Innate (natural) immunity
- -physical, chemical, and mechanical barriers
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Immunity: Second Line Defense
Inflammation
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Immunity: Third Line Defense
Adaptive (acquired) specific immunity
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First Line Defense
- *Skin is the greatest barrier
- *Linings of the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tracts
- -sloughing off of cells
- -coughing and sneezing
- -urine
- -vomiting
- -mucus and cilia
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Second line defense
- Inflammatory response (first immune response to injury)
- *non specific (isn't specifically attacking a virus)
- *caused by a variety of materials
- -infection, tissue necrosis, trauma, physical or chemical injury, foreign bodies, immune reaction, ischemia
- *local manifestations- redness, heat, swelling,pain, loss of function
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Second line defense (vascular responses)
- *blood vessel dilation- so that more things can get to the affected area
- *increased vascular permeability and leakage
- *White blood vessel cell adherence to the inner walls of the vessels and migration through the vessels.
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Inflammation Goals
- *Limit and Control inflammatory process
- *Prevent and limit infection and further damage
- *initiate adaptive immune response
- *initiate healing
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Plasma protein systems
- *complement system
- *clotting system
- *kinin system
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What do Plasma Protein System contain?
- *they are inactive enzymes (proenzymes)
- *Proenzymes will get activated and will have a space for substrate
- *substrate will only fit in its specific enzyme
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Plasma Protein System: Complement System
- *produces biologically active fragments that recruit phagocytes, active mast cells and destroy pathogens
- *Activation of C3 and C5
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Plasma Protein System: Complement System Pathways
- Classical: activated by antibodies
- Lectin: activated by plasma proteins
- alternative: activated by substance on bacteria
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Plasma Protein System: Coagulation (clotting)
- *forms a fibrous meshwork an injures or affected site
- -prevents infection from spreading
- -localizes microorganisms and foreign bodies
- -clots to prevent bleeding
- -provides framework for repair and healing
- *main substance is an insoluble protein called fibrin
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Plasma Protein System: Coagulation (clotting) pathwyas
- Extrinsic:activated by tissue factor
- intrinsic: activated when blood vessel cell wall is damaged
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Plasma Protein System: Kinin system
- *functions to activate and assist inflammatory cells
- * primary kinin is bradykinin
- *causes dilation of BV, pain, smooth muscle contraction; increases vascular permeability
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Control and interaction of Plasma Protein System
- *regulation is essential
- *many mechanisms are available to activate or inactivate Plasma Protein Systems
- -enzymes that destroy mediators of inflammation
- -clot limiting factors
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cellular components of inflammation
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