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The motor activity of the smooth muscle of the gut is controlled by the __
- myenteric plexus (of enteric nervous system)
- slow waves
- Ca influx triggers the release of more stored Ca, which causes a contraction of smooth muscle.
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In the female reproductive cycle, ________ is/are normally produced every 28 days.
A single ovum
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Cholecystokinin is stimulated by __ and released by __ cells
proteins, fats, and acid; I (of small intestine)
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Cholecystokinin stimulates __
- pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate release into the small intestine
- gall bladder contraction
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Cholecystokinin inhibits __
gastric emptying
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Spike potentials are action potentials that occur when __
- resting potential reaches about -40mV
- slow waves reaches a threshold
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A greater # of spike potentials is generated when __
there is a greater amplitude of slow wave
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Depolarization occurs during a spike potential when __
Ca++/Na+ channels open (long duration, slow rate)
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__________________ can be a cause of physiological shock
- decreased venous return: hypovolemia (low volume of blood), hemorrhagic (bleeding out), decreased vascular tone, obstruction of blood flow
- decreased cardiac output: cardiogenic (decrease in heart’s ability to pump), myocardial infarction, valve dysfunction
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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone stimulate the growth and development of sperm ________.
indirectly by binding to Sertoli cells
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The absence of ________ in the fetus will further the development of the ________ into the female reproductive tract.
Mullerian inhibiting factor/substance (MIF); Mullerian (paramesonephric) ducts
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Which of the following ions act as a buffer to minimize changes in intracellular pH?
Phosphate (mostly) or protein
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Contraction of mesangial cells results in a ________, which decreases glomerular filtration.
decreased surface area of capillaries available for filtration
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Macrophages that phagocytose large quantities of lipids may develop into __
foam cells
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Chemical digestion refers to __
Modifying the chemical structure of food by enzymatic breakdown, converting them into a useful source of energy or for other biochemical purposes:
- carbs into sugar
- proteins into peptides & amino acids
- lipids into fatty acids & glycerol
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In the absence of the implantation of a fertilized embryo, the menstrual phase of the uterine cycle is initiated by the degeneration of the ________.
Corpus luteum
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When is the second polar body produced?
Following meiosis II (in females)
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Where does blood leaving the glomerulus go to next?
Glomerular capillary
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Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as __
Bicarbonate ions in the blood
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Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
pancreas & liver
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What hormone is responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males?
Testosterone
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Sex differentiation of a fetus is controlled by the production of ________, which is coded for by the ________ gene.
- Testis-determining factor (TDF);
- Sex-determining region Y (SRY)
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In tubuloglomerular feedback, an increase in glomerular filtration rate would increase the ________, thereby stimulating the release of a paracrine factor from the macula densa that would ________.
- Flow of tubular fluid;
- Constrict the afferent arteriole
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As the food is broken into smaller pieces in the mouth, it is combined with ________ that facilitates its movement down the esophagus.
saliva (contains amylase)
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Prolonged vomiting of the stomach's contents can result in __
Metabolic alkalosis
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High carbon dioxide concentration in body fluids is called __
Hypercapnia
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Mechanical digestion refers to __
Breakdown of large particles of food into smaller particles so they are easy to swallow and increases the surface area to breakdown more nutrients
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The absorption of nutrients in the GI tract __
- Occurs primarily in the small intestine
- goes to liver for glycogen storage
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Where does fertilization usually occur?
uterine tube
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How does severe vomiting cause a metabolic alkalosis?
Loss of acids
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In the digestive system, HCl is released by ________, whereas HCO3- is secreted primarily from the ________.
- Parietal cells of stomach;
- Pancreas
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Gastrin release is stimulated by __ and inhibited by __
- proteins, stomach and small intestine distention/eating food, vagal nerve activity
- acid
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Gastrin is produced by __ cells and stimulates __
G (in stomach wall); gastric acid secretion
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A person who suffers from hyperventilation will exhibit signs of __
Respiratory alkalosis
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Slow waves are __ potentials that DO NOT __
graded (NOT action); induce muscle contraction
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Slow waves induce the appearance of intermittent __
spike potentials
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Slow waves occur between __ (stomach) and __ (small intestine per min.
3; 12
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Slow waves are caused by __ acting as pacemaker cells for smooth muscle
interstitial cells of Cajal
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Slow waves activate __ channels
Na+
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