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The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Behaviorism
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An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
Biopsychosocial approach
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An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Case study
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The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
Cognitive neuroscience
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In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment
Control group
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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
Critical thinking
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The extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
Correlation
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The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable
Dependent variable
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An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) that whether the research participants and received the treatment or the placebo
Double-blind procedure
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A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variables)
Experiment
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In an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable
Experimental group
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Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual’s potential for personal growth
Humanistic psychology
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A testable prediction, often implied by a theory
Hypothesis
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The perception of a relationship where none exists
Illusory correlation
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The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that we should have foreseen it
Hindsight bias
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The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied
Independent variable
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The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
Levels of analysis
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Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Naturalistic observation
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