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What are 3 driving forces across the membrane?
Chemical Force
: Higher concentration to lower
Electrical force
: Opposite charge attracts while same charge repels
Electrochemical force
: Combination of both chemical and electrical
What are 5 types of transport?
Simple diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Diffusion through channels
Primary active transport
Secondary active transport
What factors affect Simple Diffusion?
Lipid solubility
Concentration gradient
Surface Area
Particles with small size and regular shape
Membranes with relatively thin wall
What factors affect Facilitated Diffusion?
Rate of transport of each carrier
Number of carriers
Concentration Gradient
Function: Uses ATP directly for molecule transport (to push from low to high concentration)
Primary active transport
Function: Uses electrochemical gradient for molecule transport
Secondary transport
When 2 molecules are moving in the same direction in Secondary active transport, this is called
Symport
When 2 molecules are moving in different direction in active transport this is called
Antiport
Definition: Diffusion of water through a membrane, always passive, unaffected by electric charge on cells
Osmosis
Definition: same concentration (no net water movement, cell will remain the same)
isotonic
Definition: higher concentration (water gets out of cells, causing it to shrink)
Hypertonic
Definition: Lower concentration (water gets in, causing the cell to swell or burst)
hypotonic
Function: Molecules enter the cells by vesicle formation
Endosytosis
Function: Molecules are packaged into secretory vesicles inside the cell and released into the extracellular fluid
Excocytosis
Endocytosis + Exocytosis =
Transcytosis
3 factors affecting the strength of response
Messenger
Receptor
Affinity
What happens in Upregulation?
Receptor # increases
What happens in down-regulation?
Receptor # decreases
What are 3 types of Chemical messanger?
Paracrines
: Target neighboring cells
Neurotransmitters
: Communication between neuron and target cell (released from Neurons)
Hormones
: travels through blood to target cell (released from endocrine gland)
Function: Receptors are found in the cytosol or nucleus
Binding of receptor will result in gene activation or deactivation
Intracellular-Mediated Response
Signal transduction consist of
Intracellular mediated response
Membrane bound receptor mediated response
Three type of membrane bound receptors
Channel linked receptors
Enzyme linked receptors
G protein coupled receptors
Function: ligand binding causes the ion channel to open or close
Channel linked receptors
Function: Ligand binding activaties the enzyme which will trigger cell response
Enzyme-linked receptors
Function:
Opening or closing of ion channels
Activating second messenger system
GPCR (G protein coupled receptors)
Channel linked receptors are
fast ligand-gated channels...
receptors & channels are on the same protein
Enzyme linked receptors have...
receptor and enzyme on the same protein
G- protein coupled ion channles are...
slow ligand gated channes
receptor and channel have different proteins
Second messenger is also known as
Intracellular messenger
the G protein activates the amplifier enzyme which amplifies second messenger production
Steps in cAMP second messenger system
1st msngr binding activates the g protein
Ga subunit will then activate adenylate cyclase
Adenylate cyclase convert ATP to cAMP 2nd msnger
cAMP activates protein kinase A
Protein kinase A transfer a phosphate group from ATP to a target protein
Phosphorylated protein will have an altered activity
Termination
How does termination of Second messenger system occur
cAMP is degraged by cAMP phosphodiesterase
What enzyme speeds up cAMP amplification?
adenylate cyclase
What is the advantage of having 2nd messenger?
Signal amplification
each step recruits more participants
small amounts of ligand can trigger a huge response
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Author
nlopez850
ID
322884
Card Set
Physio
Description
Physio test 1
Updated
2016-09-03T04:59:31Z
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