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Biology can be described as
the scientific study of life
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science can be described as
an approach to understanding the natural world that is based on inquiry
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Discovery science...
Hypothesis driven science...
- describes nature
- explains nature
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data is
recorded observations
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verifiable observations and measurements are the data of
discovery science
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formal process of inquiry
scientific method
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the scientific method is as follows;
- observation
- question
- hypothesis
- prediction
- experiment
- conclusion
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a hypothesis is a
tentative answer to a question or a proposed explanation for a set of observations
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facts are
verifiable observations and a repeatable experimental results, and the prerequisites of science
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a scientific theory is
a comprehensive explanation support by abundant evidence
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life is recognized when the specimen under observation shows
- order
- regulation
- growth and development
- response to environment
- reproduction
- evolution (lol)
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biosignatures
substances that provide evidence of past or present life
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all named/ identified species include
- 290,000 plants
- 52,000 vertebrates
- 1,000,000 insects
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a species is
a group of organisms that live in the same place and time and have the potential to reproduce
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taxonomy
the branch of biology that names and classifies species and arranges them into a hierarchy of broad groups
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the three domains of life are
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bacteria and archaea have...cells
eukarya have...cells
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the domain eukarya has three divisions called kingdoms, they are...
- plantae (photosynthesis)
- fungi (decomposers)
- animalia (ingesting and digesting)
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eukaryotes that don't fit into any of the 3 kingdoms are deemed
protists (single celled)
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five unifying themes will serve as touchstones throughout the investigation of biology
- evolution (lol)
- structure/function
- information flow
- energy transformations
- interconnections within systems
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evolution is (ridiculous)
but fo'real by "scientific definition" is
the fundamental principle of life and the core thee that unifies biology
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Good ol' Charles Darwin wrote a book called...
his two mains points were...
for which natural selection was the mechanism
- it was garbage, but he called it "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection'
- unity (descent)
- diversity (modification)
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artificial selection is
the purposeful breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans
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the mustard seed is the "ancestor" of
- cabbage
- brussel sprouts
- kohlrabi
- kale
- broccoli
- cauliflower
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for life's functions to proceed in an orderly manner, info has to be
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genes are defined as
the units of inheritance that transmit info from parent to offspring
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The "Language of Life" has an alphabet of 4 letters; AKA the building blocks of DNA
AGCT
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the entire set of genetic information that an organism inherits is called its
genome
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life is made possible by
- the input of energy (mostly from the sun)
- and the transformation of energy from one form to another
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plants and other photosynthetic organisms are called produces "producers" bc they
capture the energy that enters an ecosystem as sunlight and convert it, then store it as chemical bonds within sugars and other complex molecules
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chemical energy is passed through a series of "consumers" that
break the bonds which releases the stored energy and puts it to use
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energy enters as ... and exits as ...
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everything, living or nah is composed of...
matter
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a vast network of chemical reactions that continually converts energy from one form to another as matter is recylced
metabolism
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The Biosphere consists of...
Earth's soil, oceans, lakes, other bodies of water, and the lower atmosphere
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anything that occupies space and has mass
matter
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measure of the amount of material in n object
mass
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substance that can't be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions
element
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the four elements that make up about 96% of the weight of the body
- oxygen
- carbon
- hydrogen
- nitrogen
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trace elements are
- required in small amounts
- essential for life
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compounds
substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio
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an atom is
the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
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charges of
protons
electrons
neutrons
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the atomic number is
the number of protons in an atom
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the mass number is
the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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atomic mass is
close to mass number but differs slightly because it represents an average
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isotopes are
alternate mass forms of an element
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radioactive isotope is
the nucleus decays spontaneously
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ionic bonds form between
oppositely charged ions
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a covalent bond forms when
two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons
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what kind of molecule is water
polar- uneven distribution of charge
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weak attractions between water molecules are called
hydrogen bonds
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molecules of the same kind stick together
cohesion
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a solution is
a liquid consisting of a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances
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when water is the solvent the result is an
aqueous solution
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pH scale ranges from
- most acidic 0
- to most basic 14
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substances that minimize changes in pH
buffers
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